Оливер Стоун - Нерассказанная история США
70. Nishiura Weglyn Michi. Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps. – Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996. – P. 268, 281–282.
71. Dower John W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. – NY: Pantheon, 1986. – P. 39.
72. Mitchell Greg. On the Death of ‘Hiroshima Bomb’ Pilot Paul Tibbets // Editor and Publisher. – № 11. – 2007, http: // editorandpublisher.com/Article/UPDATE-Onthe-Death-of-Hiroshima-Bomb-Pilot-Paul-Tibbets. Для более полного ознакомления с дискуссией вокруг личности Тиббетса читайте статью Питера Джея Кузника «Defending the Indefensible: A Meditation on the Life of Hiroshima Pilot Paul Tibbets, Jr.» (The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, January 22, 2008, http: // japanfocus.org/-Peter_ J_-Kuznick/2642).
73. Tanaka Yuki, Young Marilyn B. Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth-Century History. – NY: New Press, 2009. – P. 5, 84–85, 117.
74. Lifton Robert J., Mitchell Greg. Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial. – NY: Avon Books, 1995. – P. 133; Sherry Michael S. The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon. – New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987. – P. 295.
75. McNamara Robert S. We Need International Rules for War // The Gazette (Montreal, Quebec). – 2003. – August 9.
76. Bird Kai, Sherwin Martin J. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. NY: Vintage Books, 2005. – P. 291.
77. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 352.
78. Schaffer Ronald. Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II. – New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. – P. 154.
79. Sherwin Martin J. A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race. – NY: Vintage, 1987. – P. 298.
80. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 147.
81. Sherwin Martin J. A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race. – NY: Vintage, 1987. – P. 62.
82. Bird Kai, Sherwin Martin J. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. NY: Vintage Books, 2005. – P. 284.
83. Truman Harry S. Memoirs of Harry S. Truman: 1945. – NY: Signet / New American Library, 1955. – P. 104.
84. Для того чтобы ознакомиться с полным докладом, читайте приложение к книге Элис Кимбалл Смит «A Peril and A Hope: The Scientists’ Movement in America: 1945-47» (C.: University of Chicago Press, 1965. – P. 560–572).
85. Lanouette William, Silard Bela. Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. – C: University of Chicago Press, 1992. – P. 273.
86. Lanouette William, Silard Bela. Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. – C.: University of Chicago Press, 1992. – P. 527–528, note 42. 72 % выступали за демонстрацию перед применением и 11 – против применения как такового.
87. Bird Kai, Sherwin Martin J. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. NY: Vintage Books, 2005. – P. 300.
88. Sherwin Martin J. A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race. – NY: Vintage, 1987. – P. 235; Truman Harry S. Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman / Ed. Robert H. Ferrell. – NY: Harper & Row, 1980. – P. 53.
89. Hasegawa Tsuyoshi. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and Japan’s Surrender in the Pacific War. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. – P. 133–134.
90. Dulles Allen. The Secret Surrender. – NY: Harper & Row, 1966. – P. 255–256.
91. “Russo-Japanese Relations (13–20 July 1945)”, Publication of Pacific Strategic Intelligence Section, Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations, 21 July 1945, SRH-085, Record Group 457, Modern Military Branch, National Archives.
92. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 27.
93. Truman H. Off the Record. – P. 53.
94. Truman H. Dear Bess. – P. 519.
95. Henry L. Stimson, diary, May 15, 1945, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University.
96. Bird Kai, Sherwin Martin J. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. NY: Vintage Books, 2005. – P. 304.
97. Bird Kai, Sherwin Martin J. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. NY: Vintage Books, 2005. – P. 309.
98. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 250–251.
99. Stimson, diary, July 21, 1945.
100. Там же.
101. Stimson, diary, July 22, 1945.
102. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 259.
103. Truman H. Off the Record. – P. 55.
104. Stimson, diary, May 31, 1945.
105. Ike on Ike // Newsweek. – 1963. – November 11. – P. 107.
106. Bernstein Barton J. Ike and Hiroshima: Did He Oppose It? // Journal of Strategic Studies. – № 10. – 1987. – P. 377–389.
107. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 271.
108. Messer Robert L. The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman and the Origins of the Cold War. – Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982. – P. 105.
109. Truman H. Off the Record. – P. 54.
110. Gromyko Andrei. Memoirs. – NY: Doubleday, 1989. – P. 110.
111. Hasegawa Tsuyoshi. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and Japan’s Surrender in the Pacific War. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. – P. 177.
112. Knebel Fletcher, Bailey Charles W. The Fight over the Atom Bomb // Look. – 1963. – August 13. – P. 20. О том, как Гроув отрицал свои слова в разговоре с Трумэном, см.: Alperovitz G. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – P. 780, note 39.
113. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 415.
114. Clayton James Dorris. The Years of MacArthur: 1941–1945, vol. 2. – B: Houghton Mifflin, 1975. – P. 774.
115. Goldstein Richard. Paul W. Tibbets Jr., Pilot of Enola Gay, Dies at 92 // New York Times. – 2007. – November 2.
116. Kuznick, “Defending the Indefensible”.
117. Miller Merle, Spitzer Abe. We Dropped the A-Bomb. – NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1946. – P. 42–45.
118. Miller Merle, Spitzer Abe. We Dropped the A-Bomb. – NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1946. – P. 45.
119. Hasegawa Tsuyoshi. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and Japan’s Surrender in the Pacific War. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. – P. 179–180.
120. Lifton Robert Jay. Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima. – NY: Random House, 1967. – P. 441–442.
121. Merle, Spitzer Abe. We Dropped the A-Bomb. – NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1946.– P. 47. Для более полного ознакомления с дискуссией вокруг личностей членов команды и их реакцией на бомбардировку Хиросимы и Нагасаки читайте труд Кузника «Defending the Indefensible».
122. Truman Harry S. Memoirs of Harry S. Truman: 1945. – NY: Signet / New American Library, 1955. – P. 465.
123. Lifton Robert J., Mitchell Greg. Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial. – NY: Avon Books, 1995. – P. 169–170.
124. Holloway David. Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–1956. – New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994. – P. 127.
125. Zhukov Georgii Konstantinovich. The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov. – NY: Delacorte Press, 1971. – P. 674–675; Zubok Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. – Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. – P. 27, 354, notes 120 and 121.
126. Levering Ralph B., Pechatnov Vladimir O., Botzenhart-Viehe Verena, Edmondson C. Earl. Debating the Origins of the Cold War: American and Russian Perspectives. – Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. – 105 p.; Zubok Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. – Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. – P. 354 (notes 120 and 121).
127. Hasegawa Tsuyoshi. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and Japan’s Surrender in the Pacific War. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. – P. 197.
128. Miller Merle, Spitzer Abe. We Dropped the A-Bomb. – NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1946. – P. 57–59.
129. Lifton Robert J., Mitchell Greg. Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial. – NY: Avon Books, 1995. – P. 162.
130. Sherwin Martin J. A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race. – NY: Vintage, 1987. – P. 237.
131. Tsuyoshi Hasegawa. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and Japan’s Surrender in the Pacific War. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. – P. 237.
132. Stimson, diary, August 10, 1945.
133. Dower John W. Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9-11/Iraq. – NY: W. W. Norton, 2010. – P. 239.
134. Hasegawa Tsuyoshi. The Atomic Bombs and the Soviet Invasion: What Drove Japan’s Decision to Surrender? // The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, www. japanfocus.org/-Tsuyoshi-Hasegawa/2501.
135. Ibid.
136. Memorandum for Chief, Strategic Policy Section, S&P Group, Operations Division, War Department General Staff, from Ennis, Subject: Use of Atomic Bomb on Japan, April 30, 1946, “ABC 471.6 Atom (17 August 1945), Sec. 7”, Entry 421, RG 165, National Archives.
137. Leahy William D. I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman Based on His Notes and Diaries Made at the Time. – NY: Whittlesey House, 1950. – P. 441.
138. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 326.
139. Douglas MacArthur, memorandum to Herbert Hoover, December 2, 1960, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, Post-Presidential Papers, Individual File Series, Box 129 G, Douglas MacArthur 1953–1964, folder [3212 (3)]. Позиция Макартура по этому вопросу так и не изменилась. После долгого разговора с Макартуром в мае 1946 года Гувер написал в своем дневнике: «Я рассказал Макартуру о своей записке, отправленной Трумэну в середине мая 1945-го, в которой говорилось, что наши главные задачи могут быть достигнуты лишь путем заключения мира с Японией. Макартур сказал, что он был прав и что мы могли избежать всех потерь, атомной бомбардировки и ввода русских войск в Маньчжурию». Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 350–351.
140. Arnold H. H. Global Mission. – NY: Harper & Brothers, 1949. – P. 598.
141. Giles Would Rule Japan a Century. // New York Times. – 1945. – September 21; Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 336.
142. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. Op. cit. – P. 343.
143. Ibidem. – P. 329.
144. Shalett Sidney. Nimitz Receives All-Out Welcome from Washington // New York Times. – 1945. – October 6.
145. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 331. Свидетельствуя перед конгрессом в 1949 году, Хэлси заявил: «Я считаю, что бомбардировка гражданских – а в особенности атомная – с моральной точки зрения совершенно неприемлема». Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 720, note 52.
146. Alperovitz Gar. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth. – NY: Vintage Books, 1996. – P. 359.
147. Lifton Robert J., Mitchell Greg. Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial. – NY: Avon Books, 1995. – P. 11.
148. Japan Beaten Before Atom Bomb, Byrnes Says, Citing Peace Bids // New York Times. – 1945. – August 30.
149. Oxnam, Dulles Ask Halt in Bomb Use // New York Times. – 1945. – August 10.
150. The Atomic Age Opens / Ed. Gerald Wendt and Donald Porter Geddes. – NY: Pocket Books, 1945. – P. 207.
151. Asada Sadao. The Mushroom Cloud and National Psyches // Living with the Bomb / Ed. Laura Hein and Mark Selden. – Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997. – P. 182.
152. Leahy William D. I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman Based on His Notes and Diaries Made at the Time. – NY: Whittlesey House, 1950. – P. 384–385.
153. Stimson Henry L. The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb // Harper’s Magazine. – № 2. – 1947. – P. 107.
154. Asada S. The Mushroom Cloud and National Psyches. – P. 179.
155. Phillips Wayne. Truman Disputes Eisenhower on ’48 // New York Times. – 1958. – February 3.
156. Toland John. The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945. – NY: Random House, 1970. – P. 766, note.
157. Bird Kai, Sherwin Martin J. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. NY: Vintage Books, 2005. – P. 332.
158. Dyson Freeman J. Weapons and Hope. – NY: Harper & Row, 1985. – P. 121.
159. McDonald Dwight. Memoirs of a Revolutionist: Essays in Political Criticism. – NY: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1957. – P. 97.
160. Truman Margaret. Harry S. Truman. – NY: William Morrow, 1973. – P. 555.
Глава 5. Холодная война: кто начал первым?1. Schlesinger Arthur, Jr. Some Lessons from the Cold War // Diplomatic History. – № 16. – 1992. – P. 47–53.
2. Boyer Paul. By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age. – NY: Pantheon, 1985. – P. 7, 15.
3. The Atomic Age Opens / Ed. Gerald Wendt and Donald Porter Geddes. – NY: Pocket Books, 1945. – P. 159.
