Фелипе Фернандес-Арместо - Цивилизации
483
J. R. Harlan, Crops and Man (Madison, 1992), p. 27.
484
M. N. Cohen, The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture (New Haven, 1977); E. Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: the Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure (London, 1965); D. R. Harris, ‘Alternative Pathways toward Agriculture’, в книге С. A. Reed, ed., Origins of Agriculture (The Hague, 1977), pp. 179–243. См. также A. B. Gebauer and T. D. Price, eds, Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory (Madison, 1992), особенно таблица сопоставления конкурирующих теорий на р. 2.
485
В. Bronson, ‘The Earliest Farming: Demography as Cause and Consequence’ в книге S. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology and Social Evolution (The Hague, 1975).
486
См. например R. Kuttner, Everything for Sale: the Virtues and Limitations of Markets (Chicago, 1999); E. Luttwak, Turbo Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy (London, 1998).
487
Harlan, op. cit., pp. 35–36.
488
Собрано много доказательств тому, хотя и с другой перспективы, в В. Hayden, ‘Pathways to Power: Priciples for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities’ в книге T. D. Price and G. M. Feinman, eds, Foundations of Social Inequality (New York, 1995), pp. 15–86.
489
См. А. В. Gebauer and Т. D. Price, ‘Foragers to Farmers: an Introduction’, в книге Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory (op. cit.), pp. 1-10.
490
A. J. Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution (London, 1975) особенно вклад E. J. Hobsbawm и E. P. Thompson, cm. pp. 58–92 и 124–153; F. Fernandez-Armesto, Barcelona: a Thousand Years of the City's Past (Oxford, 1992), pp. 173–174.
491
F. Fernandez-Armesto, The Times Illustrated History of Europe (London, 1995), pp. 145–146.
492
B. J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization (London, 1989), p. 12.
493
Иер 12:5,49:19.
494
К. M. Kenyon, Digging Up Jericho (London, 1957), p. 29.
495
Ibid., pp. 54–55.
496
J. Bartlett, Jericho (Grand Rapids, 1982), pp. 16, 42, 44.
497
Kenyon, op. cit., p. 72.
498
Bartlett, op. cit., pp. 40–42.
499
J. Mellaart, ‘Qatal Huyuk: a Neolithic Town in Anatolia’ в книге M. Wheeler, ed., New Aspects of Archaeology (New York, 1967).
500
I. Hodder, ed., On the Surface: Qatal Hiiyiik 1993–1995 (Cambridge, 1996).
501
T. F. Lynch, ed., Guitarrero Cave: Early Man in the Andes (New York, 1980); см. B. Smith, ‘The Origins of Agriculture in the Americas’, Evolutionary Anthropology, iii (1995).
502
Harlan, op. cit., p. 19.
503
C. F. Gorman, ‘Excavations at Spirit Cave, North Thailand: Some Interim Interpretations’, Asian Perspectives, xiii (1970), pp. 197–207; J. C. White, Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age: Ban Chiang (Philadelphia, 1982), pp. 13
504
Fernandez-Armesto, op. cit., pp. 12–13.
505
C. Renfrew, ‘Carbon-14 and the Prehistory of Europe’, Scientific American, 225.4 (1971), pp. 63–72; Problems in European Prehistory (London, 1979); Before Civilisation (London, 1973).
506
J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), p. 312; см. выше, pp. 279, 305, 335.
507
W. Meacham in D. N. Keightley, ed., The Origins of Chinese Civilization (Berkeley, 1983), p. 169.
508
См. J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954 — in progress), vol. iv, part III (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 540–553.
509
G. Brotherston, The Book of the Fourth World: Reading the Native Americas through their Literatures (Cambridge, 1992); J. Derrida, De la grammatologie (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 88-136.
510
J. Hawkes, The First Great Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt (London, 1973), pp. 11, 21, 264–267, 325–342.
511
J. B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East: an Anthology of Texts and Pictures (Princeton, 1958), p. 244.
512
Ibid., p. 68.
513
Ibid., p. 251.
514
Frankfort, op. cit.
515
Pritchard, op. cit., p. 69.
516
G. Pettinato, Ebla: a New Look at History (Baltimore, 1991), pp. 88, 107; The Archives of Ebla (New York, 1981), pp. 156–180.
517
H. Saggs, The Greatness that was Babylon (London, 1988), pp. 124–127.
518
D. J. Wiseman, Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon (London, 1985).
519
I. L. Finkel, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon’, в книге P. Clayton and M. Price, eds, The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (London, 1989), pp. 38–58.
520
M. W. Helms, Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade and Power (Austin, 1993), pp. 93-170.
521
E. Naville, The Temple of Deir el Bahari (London, 1894), plates 47–61.
522
F. Fernandez-Armesto, Columbus (London, 1996), p. 87.
523
E. Naville, op. cit., pp. 21–25; M. Liverani, Prestige and Interest: International Relations in the Near East c. 1600–1100 BC (Padua, 1990), pp. 240–244.
524
Kemp, op. cit, pp. 120–128.
525
Ibid., pp. 195, 237.
526
J. B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East: Supplementary Texts and Pictures Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 26.
527
Ibid., p. 24.
528
Ibid., p. 254.
529
Kemp, op. cit., p. 195.
530
К. W. Butzner, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: a Study in Cultural Ecology (Chicago, 1976), p. 27.
531
Pritchard, op. cit., p. 229.
532
Ibid., p. 7.
533
Plato, Timaeus, 22E.
534
Kemp, op. cit., pp. 218–221.
535
Ibid., pp. 253–254.
536
H. S. Smith et al., eds, Ancient Centres of Egyptian Civilization (Windsor Forest, n.d.), p. 18.
537
Pritchard, op. cit., p. 2.59.
538
Butzner, op. cit., p. 9.
539
Ibid., p. 21.
540
Pritchard, op. cit., p. 409.
541
II, 35.
542
Pritchard, op. cit., p. 186; R. Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC (Princeton, 1993), pp. 19–21.
543
II, 126.
544
I. E. S. Edwards, The Great Pyramids of Egypt (London, 1993), p. 251.
545
P. Hodges, How the Pyramids Were Built (Shaftesbury, 1989).
546
Edwards, op. cit., pp. 245–292.
547
Этот текст повторяет F. Fernandez-Armesto, Truth; a History (London, 1997), pp. 132–137.
548
Tanizaki Junichuro, In Praise of Shadows (tr. T.J. Harper and E.G. Seidensticker (London, 1991), p. 21–22).
549
С. Masson, A Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab, 3 vols (London, 1842), vol. i, p. 453. Cm. G. Whitteridge, Charles Masson of Afghanistan: Explorer, Archaeologist, Numismatist and Intelligence Agent (Warminster, 1986).
550
Относительно местонахождения Сангалы см. А. В. Bosworth, A Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander, 2 vols (Oxford, 1995), vol. ii, pp. 327, 331.
551
G. L. Posspehl, ‘Discovering India’s Earliest Cities’ в книге G. L. Posspehl, ed., Harappan Civilisation: a Contemporary Perspective (New Delhi, 1982), pp. 405–413.
552
В. and R. Allchin, The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (Cambridge, 1982), p. 166.
553
Ibid., pp. 133–138, 167.
554
Vishnu-Mittre and R. Savithri, ‘Food Economy of the Harappans в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 205–221.
555
K. A. R. Kennedy, ‘Skulls, Aryans and Flowing Drains: the Interface of Archaeology and Skeletal Biology in the Study of the Harappan Civilization’, в книге ibid., pp. 289–295.
556
A. Parpola, Deciphering the Indus Script (Cambridge, 1994). Эта работа представляет стадию длительного процесса расшифровки методом проб и ошибок; если предположение Парполы — о том, что люди Хараппы говорили на одном из дравидских языков, — не выдержит проверки, это не будет означать, что недействителен метод.
557
Allchin and Allchin, op. cit., pp. 210–216.
558
Kennedy, loc. cit., p. 291.
559
D. P. Agrawalk and R. K. Sood, ‘Ecological Factors and the Harappan Civilization’, в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 223–229.
560
Ibid., p. 18.
561
Kennedy, loc. cit., p. 292.
562
Жаргон, составленный из элементов многих средиземно-морских языков, средство общения моряков и контрабандистов.
563
C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language (London, 1987). Я вторю F. Fernandez-Armesto, The Times Illustrated History of Europe (London, 1995), pp. 13–14. Защита традиционной позиции J. P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans (1989) слишком ясно демонстрирует отсутствие археологических доказательств существования индоевропейцев и их миграций. См. также Е. Leach, ‘Aryan Invasions over Four Millennia’ в книге E. Ohnuki-Tierney, ed., Culture Through Time: Anthropological Approaches (Stanford, 1990), pp. 227–245.
564
Rig Veda, 6.70.
565
Ibid., 1.32.
566
Vishnu-Mittre, ‘The Harappan Civilization and the Need for a New Approach’ в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 31–39, особ, p. 37.
567
Allchin and Allchin, op. cit., p. 308.
568
М. K. Dhavalikar, ‘Daimabad Bronzes’ в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 361–366. Я еще не имел возможности подтвердить предположение В. М. Pande, ibid., p. 398, что знаки письма Инда найдены в том же поселении.
