Фелипе Фернандес-Арместо - Цивилизации
395
Tacitus, The Agricola and the Germania, trans. H. Mattingly and S. A. Handford (London, 1970), pp. 104–105.
396
Ibid., pp. 114–115.
397
Ibid., pp. 104–105, 114–115, 121.
398
D. J. Herlihy, ‘Attitudes towards Environment in Medieval Society’, в книге Bilsky, ed., op. cit., pp. 100-16, особ. p. 103.
399
Verona in eta gotica e langobarda (Verona, 1982).
400
Needham, op. cit., p. 562.
401
Panovsky, p. 67.
402
R. Bechmann, Les Racines des cathedrales: Гarchitecture gothique, expression des conditions du milieu (Paris, 1981), pp. 141–142.
403
G. H. Pertz and R. Корке, eds, Herbordi Dialogue de Vita Ottonis Episcopi Babergensis (Hanover, 1868), pp. 59–60.
404
R. Bartlett, Gerald of Wales (Oxford, 1982), p. 165.
405
J. Veillard, Le Guide du pelerin (Macon, 1950), pp. 26, 28, 32.
406
G. W. Greenaway, Arnold of Brescia (Cambridge, 1931); J. D. Anderson and E. T. Kennan, eds, The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux, xiii: Five Books on Consideration: Advice to a Pope (Kalamazoo, 1976), p. 111.
407
S. A. Zenkovsky, ed., The Nikonian Chronicle from the Year 1132 to 1240, vol. ii (Princeton, 1984), p. 5.
408
M. Tikomirov, The Towns of Ancient Rus (Moscow, 1959), pp. 220–222; S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence ofRus, 750-1200 (London, 1996), p. 283, 343–345; H. Bimbaum, Lord Novgorod the Great (Columbus, 1981), pp. 45, 77. M. W. Thompson, Novgorod the Great: Excavations in the Medieval City (1967); S. Franklin, ‘Literacy and Documentation in Early Medieval Russia’ в Speculum, lx (1985), 1—38.
409
R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (Princeton, 1993), p. 133.
410
Matarasso, ed., op. cit., pp. 287–290.
411
J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), pp. 195–210.
412
Schama, op. cit., p. 96.
413
Очевидно, имеется в виду кинокомедия Винсента Минелли.
414
Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah (tr. F. Rosenthal, 3 vols (Princeton, 1967), vol. I, p. 71).
415
L. M. Serpenti, Cultivators in the Swamps (Amsterdam, 1977).
416
Ibid., p. 10.
417
Ibid., p. 7.
418
Ibid., pp. 21–62.
419
R. S. MacNeish, ‘The Origins of New World Civilization’, Scientific American, (1964).
420
L. Scheie, ‘The Olmec Mountains and Tree of Creation in Mesoamerican Cosmology’ в книге M. D. Coe et al., The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership (Princeton, 1995), pp. 105–117, особ. p. 106.
421
N. Hammond, ‘Cultura hermana: Reappraising the Olmec’, Quarterly Review of Archaeology, ix (1991), pp. 1–4.
422
E. P. Beson and B. de la Fuente, eds, Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico (Washington, DC, 1996), cat. no. 1, pp. 154–155.
423
Ibid., cat. 42, p. 205, cat. 60–71, pp. 226–229; Coe et al., op. cit., pp. 170–176; P. T. Furst, ‘The Olmec Were-Jaguar Motif in the Light of Ethnographic Reality’, в книге E. P. Benson, ed., Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec (Washington, 1968), pp. 143–174.
424
F. K. Reilly, ‘Art, Ritual and Rulership in the Olmec World’, в книге Coe et al., op. cit., pp. 27–45, особ. p. 35.
425
E.g. P. T. Furst, ‘Shamanism, Transformation and Olmec Art’, ibid., pp. 68–81.
426
W. Ralegh, The Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana with a Relation of the Great and Golden City of Manoa (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1848), p. 11. Написание исправлено.
427
J. L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 2 vols (Norman, 1962), vol. i, pp. 85–86.
428
Приведено у Coedes, p. 54.
429
J. Miskic, Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddha (Boston, 1990), p. 17.
430
Обзор проблемы плодородности тропических лесов см. P. W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest: an Ecological Study (London, 1979).
431
F. Fernandez-Armesto, ed., The Times Atlas of World Exploration (London, 1991), p. 133; A. Rossel and R. Herve, eds, Le Mappemonde de Sebastien Cabot (Paris, 1968).
432
G. de Carvajal et al., La aventura del Amazonas, ed. R. Diaz (Madrid, 1986), pp. 47–67.
433
Разница между «сладкой» и высокотоксичной «горькой» формами растения в степени. Е. Moran, ‘Food, Development and Man in the Tropics’ в книге M. Amott, ed., Gastronomy (The Hague, 1975), p. 173; использование маниока в наше время описано в Е. Carmichael et al., The Hidden Peoples of the Amazon (London, 1985), p. 61.
434
B. J. Meggers, Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise (Chicago, 1971), p. 30.
435
D. Lathrap, The Upper Amazon (New York, 1970), p. 44.
436
G. Edmundson, ed., journal of the Travels and Labours of Father Samuel Fritz in the River of the Amazons between 1686 and 1723 (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1922), pp. 50–51. В этой и следующей цитатах перевод слегка модифицирован.
437
Ibid., р. 61.
438
Кассава — разновидность маниока, так называемый «маниок полезнейший».
439
Meggers, op. cit., pp. 19–21.
440
W. Balee, ‘The Culture of the Amazonian Forest’ в книге D. A. Posey and W. Balee, eds, Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies (New York, 1989), pp. 1-16.
441
L. Scheie and M. Miller, The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art (New York, 1986), pp. 64–65, 157.
442
Ibid., pp. 122–125, 175–199; W. Fash, Scribes, Warriors and Kings: the City of Cop an and the Ancient Maya (London, 1991).
443
К. O. Pope and В. H. Dahlin, ‘Ancient Maya Wetland Agriculture: New Insights from Ecological and Remote Sensing Research’, Journal of Field Archaeology, xvi (1989), pp. 87-106.
444
M. D. Coe, Breaking the Maya Code (London, 1992), pp. 179–191.
445
J. Marcus, Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth and History in Four Ancient Civilizations (Princeton, 1992).
446
G. Michel, The Rulers ofTikal: a Historical Reconstruction and Field Guide to the Stelae (Guatemala, 1989), pp. 31–38, 77–90.
447
Ibid., pp. 53–56, 116–122.
448
E. Manikka, Angkor Wat: Time, Space, Kingship (Honolulu, 1996), p. 159.
449
Ibid., p. 23.
450
Ibid., p. 51.
451
J. Mirsky, Chinese Travellers in the Middle Ages (London, 1968), pp. 203–215.
452
G. Coedes, Angkor: an Introduction (London, 1963), pp. 104–105.
453
Ibid., p. 96.
454
Ibid., p. 86.
455
Ramacandra Kaulacara, Silpa Prakasa, trans A. Boner and S. Rath Sarma (Leiden, 1966), p. xxxiii; отрывок в Manikka, op. cit., p. 8.
456
Ibid., p. 42.
457
Ibid., p. 46.
458
G. Coedes, The Indianised States of South-east Asia (London, 1968), p. 173.
459
A. F. С. Ryder, Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897 (New York, 1969), plate 2(a).
460
K. Ezra, Royal Art of Benin: the Peris Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, 1992), pp. 9, 117.
461
Ryder, op. cit., p. 70.
462
Ezra, op. cit., p. 118.
463
G. Connah, The Archaeology of Benin: Excavations and Other Researches in and around Benin City, Nigeria (Oxford, 1975), p. 105.
464
Ryder, op. cit., pp. 12–14, 72.
465
P. J. C. Dark, An Introduction to Benin Art and Technology (Oxford, 1973), p. 102 and pi. 56, ill. 19.
466
Ibid., p. 100 and pi. 46, ill. 98.
467
Ryder, op. cit., pp. 31–33, 37, 84–85, 234–235,
468
Ibid., p. 206.
469
Ibid., pp. 17–18.
470
R. Home, City of Blood Revisited (London, 1982), pp. 36, 43–47.
471
Ibid., pp. ix-x.
472
A. Waley, The Book of Songs (p. 162).
473
Jack R. Harlan, Crops and Men (Madison, 1992, p. 8).
474
Н. Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods (Chicago, 1948), p. 274.
475
K. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: a Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven, 1957).
476
Кажется, нет конца этой работе, подтверждающей реальность проблемы, сформулированной таким образом, насколько мне известно, впервые в L. R. В inford, ‘Post-Pleistocene Adaptions’ в книге S. R. and L. R. Binford, eds, New Perspectives in Archaeology (Chicago, 1968), pp. 313–341 and M. D. Sahlins, Stone Age Economics (Chicago, 1972), особенно pp. 1-39.
477
Этот взгляд неразрывно связан с V. G. Childe, The Neolithic Revolution (New York, 1925); cm. J. R. Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet and A. Stemler, Origins of African Plant Domestication (The Hague, 1976), pp. 1–5.
478
S. J. Fiedel, Prehistory of the Americas (New York, 1987), p. 162.
479
В. M. Fagan, The Journey from Eden: the Peopling of Our World (London, 1990), p. 225.
480
W. H. McNeill, The Human Condition: an Ecological and Historical View (Princeton, 1980), pp. 19–20.
481
J. L. Angell, ‘Health as crucial factor in the changes from Hunting to developed Farming in the Eastern Mediterranean’, в книге М. N. Cohen and G. J. Armelagos, eds, Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (New York, 1984), pp. 51–73; T. Taylor, The Prehistory of Sex (London, 1996).
482
T. D. Price and J. A. Brown, ‘Aspects of Hunter-gatherer Complexity’, в книге Prehistoric Hunter-gatherers (New York, 1985); L. H. Keeley, War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford, 1996); J. Haas, ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge, 1990).
483
