Фелипе Фернандес-Арместо - Цивилизации
215
E. N. Wilmsen, Land Filled with Flies: a Political Economy of the Kalahari (Chicago, 1989), p. 31.
216
L. van der Post, The Lost World of the Kalahari (New York, 1958), p. 33.
217
Marshall, op. cit., p. 13.
218
Van der Post, op. cit., p. 226.
219
Ibid., p. 215.
220
Marshall, op. cit., p. 19.
221
R. В. Lee and I. De Vore, eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), pp. 28–43.
222
Ibid., p. 102.
223
Ibid., p. 94.
224
Van der Post, op. cit., p. 240.
225
Ibid., p. 9.
226
Ibid., pp. 252–261.
227
Lee and De Vore, op. cit., pp. 42, 112.
228
James Fenimore Cooper, The Prairie ((New York, n.d.), p. 32).
229
C. Masson, Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab (3 vols, London, 1842, vol. I, p. 58).
230
J. Fenimore Cooper, The Prairie (New York, n.d.), p. 6.
231
Cm. W. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991). Я благодарен Cape Ньюман за знакомство с М. Pollan, A Place of My Own: the Education of an Amateur Builder (London, 1997), замечательной книгой, откуда я заимствовал эту ссылку.
232
W. Brandon, Quivira: Europeans in the Region of the Santa Fe Trail 1540–1820 (Athens, Ohio, 1990), p. 27.
233
J. Ibanez Cerda, ed., Atlas de Joan Martines 1587 (Madrid, 1973).
234
Ibid., p. 31.
235
G. Parker Winship, ed., The Journey of Coronado (Golden, Co., 1990), p. 117.
236
Ibid., p. 129.
237
Ibid., p. 119.
238
Brandon, op. cit., p. 36.
239
Winship, op. cit., pp. 151–152.
240
R. White, The Winning of the West: the Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries’, Journal of American History, lxv (1978), pp. 319–343.
241
R. B. Hassrick, The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society (Norman, Oklahoma, 1964), p. 68.
242
E. A. Thompson, A History of Attila and the Huns (Oxford, 1948).
243
T. Falkner, A Description of Patagonia and the Adjoining Parts of South America (London, 1774), pp. 103, 121. Я благодарен профессору Раулю Мандрини за эту ссылку. См. R. Mandrini, ‘Indios у fronteras en el area pampeana (siglos xvi-xix): balance у perspectives’, Anuario del IHES, vii (1992), pp. 59–73; ‘Las fronteras у la sociedad indigena en el ambito pampeano’, ibid., xii (1997), pp. 23–34. О Фолкнере см. R. F. Doublet, ‘An Englishman in Rio de la Plata’, The Month, xxiii (1960), pp. 216–226; G. Furlong Cardiff, La personalidad de Tomas Falkner(Buenos Aires, 1929).
244
J. Pimentel, La fisica de la monarqufa: ciencia у politica en el pensamiento de Alejandro Malaspina (1754–1810) (Madrid, 1998), pp. 194–195, 205.
245
S. P. Blier, The Anatomy of Architecture: Ontology and Metaphor in Batammalibe Architectural Expression (Cambridge, 1987), p. 2.
246
Ibid., pp. 46, 51.
247
S. F. Nadel, A Black Byzantium: the Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria (Oxford, 1942), p. 76.
248
J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), особенно pp. 176–191.
249
M. El Fasi, ed., Unesco General History of Africa, vol. iii (London, 1988), pp. 445–450.
250
Ibid., p. 555.
251
J.-L. Bourgeois, Spectacular Vernacular: the Adobe Tradition (New York, 1989).
252
S. K. and R. J. McIntosh, Prehistoric Investigations in the Region of Jenne, Mali: a Study in the Development of Urbanism in the Sahel, 2 vols (Oxford, 1980); D. T. Niane, ed., Unesco General History of Africa, vol. iv (London, 1984), p. 118.
253
Ibid., pp. 22–28.
254
H. T. Norris, Saharan Myth and Legend (1972), pp. 108–109.
255
N. Levtzion, Ancient Ghana and Mali (London, 1973), p. 42.
256
Norris, op. cit., pp. 107–108.
257
Al-Idrisi, Opus Geographicum, ed. A. Bombaci et al., vol. i (Paris, 1970), pp. 22–26; Levtzion, op. cit., pp. 10–34.
258
N. Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (Cambridge, 1981), p. 32.
259
Ibid., pp. 58, 276; P. D. Curtin, ‘The Lure of Bambuk Gold’, Journal of African History, xiv (1973), pp. 623–631; R. Mauny, Tableau geographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age d’apres les Sources ecrites, la tradition et Varcheologie (Dakar, 1961).
260
Изукрашенная ниша в стене, обращенная к Мекке, к которой поворачиваются во время молитвы.
261
Niane, ed., op. cit., pp. 149–150.
262
H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham, eds, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354, vol. iv (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1994), p. 968.
263
Ibid., pp. 957–966; Levtzion, op. cit., pp. 105–114.
264
F. Femandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), pp. 185–224.
265
E. W. R. Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors (Oxford, 1970), p. 91.
266
M. Hiskett, The Sword of Truth: the Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman dan Fodio (New York, 1973), p. 128.
267
F. Femandez-Armesto, ‘O mundo dos 1490’, в книге D. Curto, ed., О Tempo de Vasco da Gama (Lisbon, 1998), pp. 43–67, особ. p. 64.
268
L. Kaba, ‘Power, Prosperity and Social Inequality in Songhay (1464–1591)’ в книге E. P. Scott, ed., Life Before the Drought (Boston, 1984), pp. 29–48.
269
A. C. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: a History of the Sixteenth-century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978), pp. 115–118.
270
C. Hibbert, Africa Explored: Europeans in the Dark Continent (New York, 1982), p. 188–189.
271
Hiskett, op. cit., p. 58.
272
Ibid., p. 41, 120.
273
Ibid., p. 66.
274
H. A. S. Johnston, The Fulani Empire of Sokoto (London, 1967), p. 94.
275
Ibid., p. 101.
276
Ibid., p. 105.
277
Ibid., pp. 22–23.
278
Ibid., p. 258.
279
Ibid., pp. 156–157.
280
M. J. Watts, ‘The Demise of the Moral Economy: Food and Famine in a Sudano-Sahelian Region in Historical Perspective’ в книге Scott, ed., op. cit., p. 127.
281
Johnston, op. cit., p. 240.
282
Walt Whitman, ‘Song of Myself, Leaves of Grass (ed. M. Cowley (Harmondsworth, 1986), p. 30).
283
P. P. Semonov, Travels in the Tian-Shan, ed. C. Thomas (London, 1998), pp. 49–51.
284
J. Bisch, Mongolia, Unknown Land (New York, 1963), pp. xv, 38–39.
285
E. D. Clark, Travels in Russia, Tartary and Turkey (Edinburgh, 1839), p. 47, отрывок в D. Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, i: Inner Eurasia front Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Oxford, 1998), p. 15.
286
G. A. Geyer, Waiting for Winter to End: an Extraordinary Journey through Soviet Central Asia (Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 49–50. Я благодарен автору за экземпляр этой увлекательной книги.
287
М. Gimbutas, Bronze-age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe (1965); S. Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport from the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea (1984).
288
С. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, The Oxus Civilization: the Bronze Age of Central Asia’, Antiquity, lxviii (1994), pp. 398–405.
289
Herodotus, IV, 13–14.
290
T. Talbot-Rice, The Scythians (London, 1958), pp. 92-123; R. Rolle, Die Welt der Skythen (Luzern and Frankfurt, 1980), pp. 19–37, 57–77.
291
E. D. Phillips, The Royal Hordes (London, 1965); T. Sulimirski, The Sarmatians (1976).
292
H. Baudet, Het Paradijs op Aarde (Amsterdam, 1959), p. 5.
293
C. Mackerras, ed., The Uighur Empire according to the Tang Dynasty Histories: a Study in Sino-Uighur Relations, 744–840 (Columbia, SC, 1972.), pp, 13, 66.
294
R. C. Egan, The Literary Works of Ouyang Hsiu (1007–1072) (Cambridge, Mass. 1984), p. 14.
295
Ibid., p. 15.
296
Ibid., p. 38.
297
Ibid., p. 113.
298
Ibid., p. 34.
299
R. L. Davis, Wind against the the Mountain: the Crisis of Politics and Culture in Thirteenth-century China (1996), p. 18.
300
J. Т. C. Liu, Reform in Sung China: Wang An-Shih (1021–1086) and his New Policies (1959), pp. 37, 45, 55.
301
Egan, op. cit., p. 10.
302
Liu, op. cit., p. 54.
303
Egan, op. cit., pp. 115–116.
304
Bisch, op. cit., p. 33.
305
J. Mirsky, Chinese Travellers in the Middle Ages (London, 1968), pp. 34–82.
306
R. Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes (New Brunswick, 1970), p. 249.
307
Davis, op. cit., p. 62.
308
Ibid., p. 101.
309
Ibid., p. 109.
310
Ibid., p. 115.
311
Ibid., p. 118.
312
F. Fernandez-Armesto, ‘Medieval Ethnography’, Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, xiii (1982), pp. 283–284; G. A. Bezzola, Die Mongolen in abendlandische Sicht (Bern, 1974), pp. 134–144.
313
C. D’Ohsson, Histoire des Mongols depuis Tchinguiz-jhan jusqu’a Timour Bey ou Tamerlan, 4 vols (The Hague, 1834–1835), vol. i, p. 404, см. Grousset, op. cit., p. 249.
