Мэтью Альпер - Бог и мозг: Научное объяснение Бога, религиозности и духовности
1b) Проведите два описанных выше теста для группы нерелигиозных лиц или атеистов, представителей разных культур, и сравните результаты для этой и предыдущей группы.
2) Соберите группу годовалых детей. Проведите для них функциональную МРТ. Проводите подобные обследования раз в год до достижения участниками двадцати лет. Выявив участок мозга, связанный с духовной когнитивной деятельностью, наблюдайте за его изменениями при каждом последующем сканировании. Благодаря этому можно составить схему развития духовных и религиозных функций человеческого мозга.
2а) Изучая результаты функциональной МРТ, уделите особое внимание участникам эксперимента, обратившимся в веру. Сравнивайте результаты обратившихся в веру участников не только с результатами их прежних, проведенных до обращения сканирований, но и с результатами других участников, которые не обращались в веру.
3) Определив вместилище духовного и/или религиозного сознания, изучайте состояние тех, у кого этот участок мозга удален хирургическим путем, а также тех, у кого эта область повреждена (например, в результате инсульта или травмы головы). Выясните, влияет ли все это на духовное восприятие человека, на его религиозные взгляды и поведение, и если влияет, то как. Подобные тесты должны подтвердить или опровергнуть возможность возникновения у людей духовной или религиозной афазии.
Библиография
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . (4th ed.) Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
Armstrong Karen. A History of God: The 4,000 years quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam . New York: Knopf, 1993.
Aurobindo S. The Future Evolution of Man . All India Press, 1963.
Barrett David, George Kurian and Todd Johnson in World Christian Encyclopedia (2001). Oxford University Press.
Bateson G. Mind and Nature . E. P. Dutton, 1979.
Batson C. D. and W. L. Ventis. The Religious Experience . Oxford University Press, 1982.
Becker E. Denial of Death . The Free Press, 1973.
Benedict R. Patterns of Culture . Houston Mifflin, 1989.
Benson H. The Relaxation Response . New York: Morrow, 1975.
Benson H. Timeless Healing . Scribner, 1996.
Blacking J. How Musical is Man? Faber&Faber, 1976.
Bootzin R., Acocella J. R. and Alloy L. B. Abnormal Psychology . McGraw-Hill, 1993.
Brooks J. S. and Scarano T. «Transcendental meditation in the treatment of post-Vietnam adjustment». Journal of Counseling and Development (1985): 65:212–215.
Brown N. O. Life Against Death . Vintage Books, 1959.
Bucke R. M. Cosmis Consciousness: A Study of the Evolution of the Human Mind . University Books, 1961.
Campbell J. Transformations of Myth Through Time . Harper and Row, 1990.
Cavendish R. Mythology . Rizzoli International Publications Inc., 1980.
Chance M. R. A. «Social Behavior and Primate Evolution». In M. F. Ashley Montagy, ed. Culture and the Evolution of Man . Oxford University Press, 1962.
Choron J. Death and Western Thought . Collier Books, 1963.
Clark W. H. Chemical Ecstasy: Psychedelic Drugs and Religion . Sheed and Ward. 1969.
Coren S., Porac C. and Ward L. Sensation and Perception . New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Cohen D. The Circle of Life: Rituals From the Human Family Album . Harper San Francisco, 1991.
Cooper M. and Aygen M. «Effect of meditation on blood cholesterol and blood pressure». Journal of the Israel Medical Association (1978):95:1–2.
Coser A. L. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1997.
Davidson J. and Davidson R. The Psychology of Consciousness . Plenum, 1979.
Davie Grace. Religion in Modern Europe . Oxford University Press, 2000.
Dobzhansky T. «Anthropology and the Natural Sciences-the Problem of Human Evolution». Current Anthropology (1963):4:138, 146–148.
D’Onofrio B., Eaves L., Murrelle L., Maes H. and Spilka B. (67;6) Journal of Personality: Understanding Biological and Social Influences on Religious Affiliation, Attitudes and Behaviors: A Behavioral Genetic Perspective . Blackwell, 1999.
Durant W. The Story of Philosophy . Washington Square Press, 1961.
Eccles J. C. The Neurophysiological Basis of Mind . Clarendon Press, 1953.
Eck Diana. A New Religious America: How a «Christian Country» Has Become the World’s Most Religiously Diverse Nation . Harper San Francisco, 2001.
Eliade M. The Encyclopedia of Religion . MacMillan, 1987.
Eliade M. The Sacred and The Profane: The Nature of Religion . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1959.
Einstein Albert. Ideas and Opinions . New York: Crown Publishers, 1954.
Etcoff Nancy. Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty . New York: Random House, 1999.
Fordham F. An Introduction to Jung’s Psychology . New York: Penguin Books, 1953.
Forman R. K. The Problem of Pure Consciousness . Oxford University Press, 1980.
Freud S. Civilization and Its Discontents . W. W. Norton and Co., Inc., 1962.
Freud S. The Future of an Illusion . J. Strachey, Trans. New York: Norton, 1927.
Freud S. Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety . New York: Norton, 1926.
Froese Paul. «After Atheism: An Analysis of Religion Monopolies in the Post-Communist World». Sociology of Religion (2004):65:57–75.
Fromm E. The Sane Society . Fawcett Publications, 1955.
Foucalt M. Madness and Civilization . New York: Random House, 1965.
Fox Robin. The Cultural Animal . Smithsonian Institute Press, 1971.
Furst P. Flesh of the God: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens . Praeger Publishers, 1972.
Gallup George and Michael Lindsay. Surveying the Religious Landscape . Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 1999.
Gallup G. G., Jr. Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science (1970): 167:86–87.
Gallup G. G., Jr. MIrror-image stimulation // Psychological Bulletin . (1972): 70:782–783.
Geschwind N. «Language and the brain». Scientific American (1972): 226:76–83.
Goleman D. The Varieties of the Meditative Experience ., New York: Irvington Publishers, 1977.
Goleman D. and Davison R. Consciousness: Brain, States of Awareness and Mysticism . Harper and Row, 1979.
Greeley Andrew. Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millenium . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003.
Greyson B. «The Psychodynamics of a Near-Death Experience» // Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease . (1983): 376–380.
Grof S. Realms of the Human Unconscious . The Viking Press, 1975.
Hamilton W. D. «The Genetical Theory of Social Behavior». I, II. Journal of Theoretical Biology (1964): 7:1–52.
Hamilton W. D. Selfish and Spiteful Behavior in an Evolutionary Model (1970) 228:1218–1220.
Heelas P. Social Anthropology and the Psychology of Religion . Elsmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1985.
Heobel E. and Frost E. Cultural and Social Anthropology . McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1976.
Hill P. C. Affective Theory and Religious Experience . Birmingham AL: Religious Education Press, 1995.
Hinde R. A. Animal Behavior . New York: McGraw-Hill Press, 1970.
Hinde R. A. Biological Bases of Human Social Behavior . New York: McGraw-Hill Press, 1974.
Hood R. W. Jr., Spilka B., Hunsberger B. and Gorsuch R. The Psychology of Religion . The Guilford Press, 1996.
Hutchinson R. William. Religious Pluralism in America: The Contentious History of a Founding Ideal . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.
Ingelhart Ronald, ed. Human Values and Social Change . Boston, MA: Brill, 2003.
Jansen K. L. R. Transcendental Explanations and the Near-Death Experience. Lancet. (1991): 337, 207–243.
Jansen K. L. R. Non-Medical use of Ketamine // British Medical Journal . (1993): 298, 4708–4709.
Jansen K. L. R. Neuroscience, Ketamine and the Near-Death Experience; The Role of Glutamate and the NMDA Receptor in the Near-Death Experience . New York: Routledge, 1995.
Jansen K. L. R. «The Ketamine Model of the Near-Death Experience: A Central Role for the NMDA Receptor». Journal of Near-Death Studies (1996) ed. B. Greyson.
Janssen J., de Hart J. and Gerhadts M. «Images of God in Adolescence // International Journal of the Psychology of Religion . (1994): 4, 105–121.
Johnstone Patrick. Operation World . Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1993.
Jorde L. B., Watkins W. S., Kere J., Nyman D. and Eriksson A. W. Gene Mapping in Isolated Populations // Journal of Human Heredity (2000): 50:57–65.
Joselit Weismann, Jenna. Immigration and American Religion . Oxford University Press, 2001.
Jung C. G. The Undiscovered Self . Mentor, 1958.
Jung C. G., Man and His Symbols, Psychology of Religion, and Symbolic Life . Translated by R. F. C. Hull. Bollingen Series XX. Princeton Univ. Press, 1967–1978.
Jung C. G. The Portable Jung . Edited by Joseph Campbell. Translated by R. F. C. Hull. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.
James W. Varieties of the Religious Experience . Collier Books, 1902.
Jennings J. George. «An Ethnological Study of Glossolalia». Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation . (March 1968).
Jesses R. «Entheogens: A brief history of their Spiritual Use». Tricycle (1996): 6:1.
Jones W. L. A Psychological Study of Conversion . London: Epworth, 1937.
Kabat-Zinn J., Lipworth L. et al. Four-year follow-up of a meditation-based program for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Clin. J. Pain (1986): 2:150–173.
Katz S. T. Mysticism and Language . Oxford University Press, 1992.
Kedem Peri. Dimensions of Jewish Religiosity. Israeli Judaism, ed. Shlomo Deshen. Charles Leibman and Mishe Shokeid. London: Transaction Publishers, 1995.
Koenig H. G. Aging and God: Spiritual Pathways to Mental Health in Midlife and Later Years . New York: Haworth Press, 1994.
Kierkegaard S. Sickness Unto Death . Princeton University Press, 1974.
Keeton William. Biological Science . W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1980.
Kohlberg L. Essays on Moral Development : Vol. 2 // The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1984.
Kolb B. and Whishaw L. Q. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology . (3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman, 1990.
Lambert F. The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . Princeton University Press, 2003.
Leary T. F. Flashbacks, an Autobiography . J. P. Tarcher, L. A., 1983.
Lee Hotz Robert. Seeking the Biological Origins of Spirituality // Los Angeles Times (April 26, 1998).
Le Doux Joseph. Emotion, Memory and the Brain // Scientific American (1994): 270:32–39.
Le Doux Joseph. The Emotional Brain . New York: Simon&Schuster, 1996.
Leiman A., and Rosenzweig M. Physiological Psychology . D. C. Heath and Company, 1982.
MacKenzie N. Dreams and Dreaming . London: Aldus Books, 1965.
Mahesh Yogi M. Transcendental Meditation . New American Library. New York, 1963.
Malinowski B. The Group and the Individual in Functional Analysis // American Journal of Sociology (1939): 959,44.
Martin W. T. Religiosity and United States Suicide Rates, 1972–1978 // Journal of Clinical Psychology (1984): 40, 1166–1169.
May R. The Meaning of Anxiety // Ronald Press, 1950.
Mayr E. Animal Species and Evolution // Harvard University Press, 1963.
Melton J. G. Encyclopedia of American Religion . 6th ed. Dale Publishing, 1999.
Merkur Dan. Gnosis: An Esoteric Tradition of Mystical Visions and Unions . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993.
Morris D. The Naked Ape . Jonathan Cape, 1969.
Morris D. The Human Zoo . Jonathan Cape, 1970.
Noelle C. David. Searching for God in the Machine // Free Inquiry, Summer 1998.
Ostow M. and Scharfstein B. A. The Need to Believe // International University Press, 1953.
