Мартин ван Кревельд - Расцвет и упадок государства
877
См. о Великобритании: Хобсбаум Э. Век империи, 1875―1914. Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 1999. С. 275.
878
О том, как и где проявилось влияние Кейнса, см.: P. WeirandT. Skocpol, " State Structures and the Possibilities for Keynesian Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain, and the United States," in P.B. Evans, et al., eds., Bringing the State back in ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 107-186.
879
Данные взяты из работы: Н. van der Wee, Prosperity and Upheaval (New York: Viking), 1986, p. 307.
880
G.L. Reid and K. Allen, Nationalized Industries (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1970), p. 14―15.
881
О французской национализации в этот период см.: А.Н. Hanson, ed. Public Enterprise: A Study of Its Organization and Management in Various Countries (Brussels: International Institute of Administrative Sciences, 1955), p. 201―224; J.P. van Ouderhoven, "Privatization in Europe," in K.K. Finley, Public Sector Privatization: Alternative Approaches to Service Delivery (New York: Quorum Books, 1989), p. 168ff.
882
Дополнительные данные об экспансии государственного сектора экономики в Мексике см.: О. Humberto Vera Ferrer, "The Political Economy of Privatization in Mexico," in W. Glade, ed., Privatization of Public Enterprise in Latin America (SanFrancisco: ICS Press. 1991), p. 35―58.
883
US Embassy, Cairo, Egyptian Economic Trends, occasional publication, March 1989, p. 8.
884
См. в частности: J. К. Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), а также: М. Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Collier, 1962).
885
Данные взяты из работ: G.K. Fry, The Growth of Government (London: Cass, 1979), p. 32; R. Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 22―23; R.A. Freeman, The Growth of American Government: A Morphology of the Welfare State (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1975), p. 35.
886
Данные взяты из работы: A. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 35. Данные по другим странам см. в: Р. Flora and A.J. Heidenheimer, eds., The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1981), p. 319.
887
N. Gilbert, Capitalism and the Welfare State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), table 7.2.
888
Краткий обзор влияния «кризиса» на международную экономику см. в: W.M. Scammell, The International Economy Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1983), p. 193ff.
889
Данные по Европе см. в: Milward, The European Rescue of the National State, p. 30; по США см.: Monthly Labor Review, 103, 2, February 1980, p. 75.
890
J. Logue, "The Welfare State: Victim of its Success," in S.R. Graubard, ed., ПеState (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 69-88; M. Dogan, "The Social Security Crisis in the Richest Countries: Basic Analogies," International Social Science Journal, 37, 1, 1985, p. 47―61.
891
R. Tylewski and M. Opp de Hipt, Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland in Zahlen 1945/49-1980 (Munich: Beck, 1987), p. 38; по Британии см. данные по тому же периоду в: A.F. Stiletto, Britain in Figures: A Handbook of Social Statistics (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1971),p. 31.
892
Некоторые цифры см. в статье: С. W. Higgins, «American Health Care and the Economics of Change," in Finley, Public Sector Privatization, pp. 96ff.
893
Tylewski and Opp de Hipt, Die Bundesrepublik in Zahlen, p. 183 ― 184.
894
Данные по США см. в: Freeman, The Growth of American Government, p. 11; данные по некоторым другим странам см. в: L. Bryson, Welfare and the State: Who Benefits? (London: Macmillan, 1992), p. 193.
895
J. Logue, "Will Success Spoilthe Welfare State?" Dissent, Winter 1985, p. 97.
896
Flora and Heidenheimer, The Development of Welfare States, p. 1,67.
897
Gilbert, Capitalism and the Welfare State, p. 52―54; J.L. Clayton, On the Brink: Defense, Deficits and Welfare Spending (New York: National Strategy Information Center, 1984), p. 101.
898
Данные по 1980 г. см. в: N. Ginsburg, Divisions of Welfare (London: Sage, 1992), p. 199.
899
D. Cameron, "On the Limits of the Public Economy," Annals, January 1982, p. 46.
900
Данные по инфляции в Швейцарии и других странах приводятся по
кн.: Scammell, The International Economy Since 1945, p. 216.
901
S.B. Seward, The Future of Social Welfare Systems in Canada and the UK (Halifax, Nova Scotia: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1987), p. 63.
902
См.: W. Thorsell, Canada Counts the Cost," in The World in 1996 (London: The Economist, 1996), p. 67.
903
Инаугурационные речи президентов США. М.: Издательский дом «Стратегия», 2001. С. 467.
904
Е.Е. Berkowitz and К. McQuaid, Creating the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Twentieth-Century Reform (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), p. 207-208.
905
Cm. Flora and Heidenheimer, The Development of Welfare States, p. 202―204; M. Schnitzer, Income Distribution: A Comparative Study of the United Stales, Sweden, West Germany, East Germany and the UK (New York: Praeger, 1972); A.B. Atkinson, Poverty and Social Security ( New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989), p. 48ff; J. A. Pechman, Tire Rich, The Poor, and the Taxes They Pay (Boulder: Westview Press 1986), p. 19-30.
906
Seward, The Future of'Welfare Systems, p. 214, 218.
907
The Economist, 11 September 1993.
908
Congressional Budget Office, US House of Representatives, Ways and Means Committee "The Changing Distribution of Federal Taxes, 1977 ― 1990," February 1987; "Tax Progressivity and Income Distribution", 26 March 1990.
909
См.: Е.В. Kapstein "Workers and the World Economy," Foreign Affairs, 73, 3, May/June 1996, p. 16-17.
910
По Соединенным Штатам см.: R.B. Freeman and L.F. Katz, eds., Differences and Changes in Wage Structures (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); о подобных изменениях, проходивших в Германии как крупнейшей стране ЕС, см. Der Spiegel, 39, 1997, p. 96ff.
911
Доступное перечисление идей Хайека: С. Nishiyama and K.L. Leube, eds. The Essence of Hayek (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1984).
912
См. удобный краткий обзор в сб.: P.J. Miller, ed., The Rational Expectations Revolutions (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994). Я хочу поблагодарить профессора X. Баркай экономического факультета Еврейского Университета за ключ к последним вывертам экономической теории.
913
См. напр.: R.L. Greenfield andL.В. Yeager, "ALaissezFaire Approach to Monetary Stability," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 15, 1983, p. 302-315; L.H. White, "The Relevance of Free Banking Today," in Collins, Central Banking in History, vol. I, p. 434―449; R. Vaubal, "The Government's Money Monopoly: Externalization of Natural Monopoly," Kyklos, 37, 1984,p. 27―58; и прежде всего: ХайекФ. Частные деньги. М.: ИНМЭ, 1996.
914
См.: R. Pryke, The Nationalized Industries: Policies and Performance Since 1968 (Oxford: Robertson, 1986), esp. p. 237-266.
915
Полный список полностью или частично проданных компаний, а также полученные суммы см. в: S. Chodak, The New State: Etatization of Western Societies (Boulder: Rienner, 1989), p. 147.
916
Детали см. в: R. Fraser, ed., Privatization: The UK Experience and International Trends (London: Longman, 1989).
917
С. Jones, "The Pacific Challenge: Confucian Welfare States" in Jones, ed. New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 198-220.
918
См.: K.J. Fields, Enterprise and the State in Korea and Taiwan (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), esp. p. 238ff.
919
См.: D. Hale, "Test of the Tigers," World Link, September-October 1997,p. 17-38.
920
Данные см. в: Hillman, "Comparative Strength of the Great Powers," p. 146.
921
Статистику производства см. в кн.: R. Munting, The Economic Development of the USSR (London: St. Martin's, 1982).
922
См.: М.С. Kaser, ed. The Economic History of Eastern Europe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), vol. Ill, p. 9ff, 19, 52, 95, 152 ― данные по коллективизации сельского хозяйства в этих странах, а также по общему экономическому росту.
923
I. Jeffries, "The DDR in Historical and International Perspective," in JeffresandM. Melzer, eds. The East German Economy (London: Methuen, 1987), p. 1-11.
924
Данные по советскому производству этих видов продукции на 1960 г. см. в: G.A. Hosking, History of the Soviet Union (London: Collins, 1985), app. С ("Selected Indices of Industrial and Agricultural Production"), p. 483ff.
925
См.: R.W. Judy and V.L. Clough, The Information Age and Soviet Society (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1989), ch. 1.
926
См.: R.E. Ericson, "The Soviet Economic Predicament," in H.S. Rowen and С Wolf, JT., eds., The Future of the Soviet Empire (New York: St. Martin's 1987), p. 95-120; W. Moskoff, Hard Times: The Soviet Union 1985-1991 (Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1993).
927
К 1989 г. их количество составило почти четверть миллиона: J. P. SterЬа "Long March," Wall Street Journal, 16 June 1989, p. A4.
928
Углубленное обсуждение этой проблемы см. в кн.: О. Shell, Mandate of Heaven: The Legacy of Tiananmen Square and the Next Generation of China's Leaders (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), esp. pt. V.
929
См.: R. Frydman, et al., The Privatization Process in Central Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
930
По отдельным регионам см.: R.A. Ahene and B.S. Katz, eds., Privatization and Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa (New York: Praeger, 1992); I. Harick and D.J. Sullivan, eds., Privatization and Liberalization in the Middle East (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); краткий глобальный обзор см. в работе: P. Young "Privatization Around the World," inS.H. Hanke, ed., Prospects for Privatization (New York: AOS, 1987), p. 190-206.
931
Смысл существования, происхождение (франц.). ― Прим. науч. ред.
932
J. Sachs, "Recipe for Disaster," World Link, January-February 1998, p. 17.
933
Об использовании государством новых технологий для контроля за населением см.: М.К. Matsuda, "Doctor, Judge, Vagabond: Identity, Identification and Other Memories of the State," History and Memory, 6, 1, 1994, p. 73 ― 94; B. Delmas "Revolution industrielle et mutation administrative: l'innovation de radministration francaise auxXIXe siecle," Histoire, Economic et Societe, 4, 2, 1985, p. 205―232; и подробнее в: J.R. Beniger, The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).
