Пер Рудлинг - ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании "исторических " мифов. Сборник статей
78
Rossolinski-Liebe, “The ‘Ukrainian National Revolution’ of 1941,” 100. Similar attitudes were found within the OUN(m). Its organ Selians’ka dolia described the Jews as enemies, who “had to leave the land or die on it. The Muscovite, the Pole, and the Jew were, are, and will always be your enemies.” Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 242–243, citing TsDAHO Ukrainy, f. 57, op. 4, d. 369, l. 63.
79
Heer, “Blutige Ouvertüre”; Kai Struve, “Layers of Violence: Mass Executions and Pogroms against Jews in Eastern Galicia in Summer 1941,” paper presented at the Fifth Annual Danyliw Research Seminar on Contemporary Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa, October 30, 2009.
80
John-Paul Himka, “The Lviv Pogrom of 1941,” paper presented at the Association for the Study of Nationalities, the Harriman Institute, Columbia University, 16 April 2011.
81
Bruder, “Den ukrainischen Staat,” 146, citing Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung, 60 ff.; Text des Amtes Ausland/Abwehr vom Juli, 1941, IfZ, Fd 47, Bl. 47, Bl. 41; Ic/AO vom 2.7.1941, BArch-MA, RH 20–17/277, Bl. 91, 126 and 137.
82
On the pogroms, see Marco Carynnyk, Furious Angels: Ukrainians, Jews, and Poles in the Summer of 1941 (forthcoming); on the pogroms in Dubne, see idem, “The Palace on the Ikva: Dubne, September 18th, 1939 and June 24th, 1941,” in Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, Kai Struve, eds., Shared History — Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941 (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007; Band V of Leipziger Beiträge zur Jüdischen Geschichte und Kultur), 263–301; on Zolochiv, see idem, “Zolochiv movchyt,” Krytyka, no. 10 (2005): 14–17, on Lviv, see Himka, “Lviv Pogrom”; on Ivano-Frankivs’k, see Abraham Liebesman, During the Russian Administration: With the Jews of Stanis!awow During the Holocaust (Atlanta: n.p. 1990), 2–6; Joachim Nachbar, Endure, Defy, and Remember: Memoirs of a Holocaust Survivior (Southfi eld, Mich.: J. Nachbar, c2003), 7–9; on Drohobych, see Bernard Mayer, Entombed: My True Story: How Forty- Five Jews Lived Underground and Survived the Holocaust (Ojus, Fla.: Aleric Press, c1994), 7–16; on Borylaw, Sabina Wolanski with Diana Bagnall, Destined to Live: One Woman’s War, Life, Loves Remembered (London: Fourth Estate, 2008), 31–35; on Kuty, see Abraham Klein, My Life in Kuty: A shtetl destroyed (Montreal: A. Klein, 2003), 126–128. Thanks to John-Paul Himka for these references.
83
Dieter Pohl, “Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Western Ukraine: A Research Agenda,” in Barkan, Cole, and Struve, eds. Shared History— Divided Memory, 305–315.
84
Viktor Khar’kiv “Khmara,” a member of both Nachtigall and then Schutzmannschaft battalion 201, wrote in his diary that he participated in the shooting of Jews in two villages in the vicinity of Vinnytsia. TsDAVO Ukrainy, f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 57, ark. 17–18.
85
Bruder, “Den ukrainischen Staat,” 147.
86
Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Russia, 1941–1945: A Study of Occupation Policies, 2d ed. (Boulder, Colo.: 1981), passim.
87
The leader of the original UPA, Taras Bul’ba-Borovets, wrote that “the supporter of pathological Führerprinzip (vozhdyzm), the banderite Kuzii, killed the two senior offi cers of the Ukrainian army, Colonel Mykola Stsibors’kyi and Captain Senyk-Hrybivs’kyi, who were leaders of the Provid of the OUN[(m)] and were travelling to Kyiv, by shooting them in the back on an open street.” Taras Bul’ba-Borovets’, Armiia bez derzhavy: Slava i trahediia ukrains’koho povstans’koho rukhu. Spohady. (Kyiv: Knyha Rodu, 2008), 154. The OUN(m) immediately accused the OUN(b) of the murders, which carried all the hallmarks of Banderite assasinations. TsDAVO Ukrainy, f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 42, l. 33, “Podae do vidoma!” claims the two OUN(m) leaders “fell by the hand of fratricidal murder”; TsDAVO Ukrainy, f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 42, l. 42, “Dvi klespsydry,” accused the OUN(b) of the murder, claiming that Stsibors’kyi and Senyk were killed by “fratricidal bullets.” German documents show that there was no German involvement in these murders.
88
Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe, “Celebrating Fascism and War Criminality in Edmonton: The Political Myth and Cult of Stepan Bandera in Multicultural Canada,” Kakanien Revisited, December 29, 2010, 3: http://www.kakanien.ac.at/beitr/fallstudie/GRossolinski-Liebe2.pdf (accessed January 9, 2011), citing Federal’naia Sluzhba Bezopasnosti, Moscow, N-19092/T. 100 l. 233 (Stepan Bandera’s prison card).
89
Marples, Heroes and Villains, 129.
90
“Olevsk,” entry by Jared McBride and Alexander Kruglov, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettoes, 1933–1945, vol. 2, German-Run Ghettos, ed. Martin Dean (Bloomington: Indidana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, forthcoming); Jared McBride, “Ukrainian Neighbors: The Holocaust in Olevs’k,” unpublished working paper.
91
Bul’ba-Borovets’, Armiia bez derzhavy, 247.
92
Breitman and Goda, Hitler’s Shadow, 74; Marples, Heroes and Villains, 129–130, 309; Bul’ba- Borovets’, Armiia bez derzhavy, 250–267; Report from Soviet agent “Iaroslav” to the deputy director of the third department of the GUKR NKO “Smersh,” Nov. 23, 1944, HDA SBU, f. 13, sbornik no. 372, tom 5, l. 25, reports that “the local leadership of OUN North has partly begun a struggle to totally liquidate the “Bul’ba” party and to cleanse a large part of Volhynia from Red Partisans”; “Orientovka o deiatel’nosti ukrainsko-nemetskikh nationalistiov v zapadnnykh oblastiakh Ukrainskoi SSR za period 1941–1944 g.g.: Sostavlena po materialam NKVD USSR,” report from the Ukrainian SSR commissar Riasnoi of State Security, Kyiv, March 1944, HDA SBU f. 13, sbornik 372, tom 5, 199. This author uses the commonly used term OUN-UPA to describe the organization following its violent takeover by the banderivtsy, and to distinguish the post-1942 UPA from the organization led by Bul’ba-Borovets’, which had a quite different orientation and ideology. The OUN(b) perceived the UPA as its armed wing; its leadership was staffed with ranking OUN(b) cadres. From May 1943 Shukhevych was the leader of both the OUN(b) and the UPA, and even the UPA’s own fl iers used the term “OUN-UPA.” While the OUN(b)-led UPA from July 1944 was formally subordinated to the socalled Ukrainian Main Liberation Council, UVHR, this organization was staffed by the leaders of the OUN(b): Shukhevych was responsible for military matters, Lebed’ for foreign affairs in the General Secretariat. Bruder, “Den Ukrainischen Staat,” 189, 194, 202. Bul’ba-Borovets’ dismissed the idea that the UVHR would be anything but the OUN(b) leadership under a different name as a “falsifi cation”: “UVHR was the same and only OUN Lebed’-Bandera. Its ‘Council’[Rada] was declared to be a new form of that same group of people, Lebed’, Stets’ko, Father Hryn’okh, Roman Shukhevych, Stakhiv, Lenkavs’kyi, Vretsiun, Okhrymovych, Rebet, and others.” Bul’ba-Borovets’, Armiia bez derzhavy, 291. Shukhevych himself emphasized the institutional continuity of the OUN(b) and UPA: “The new revolutionary organizations UVO and OUN were born out of the traditions of insurgent struggle, which they maintained through the entire, diffi cult 25-year period of occupation in order to in 1943 again put into action a massive insurgency — now under the name of UPA.” T. Chuprynka [Roman Shukhevych], “Zvernennia Holovnoho komamdyra UPA R. Shukhevycha do voiakiv UPA, July 1946,” cited in Volodymyr Serhiichuk et al. eds., Roman Shukhevych u dokumentakh raiianskykh orhaniv derzhavnoi bezpeky, 1940–1950, (Kyiv: PP Serhiichuk M. I., 2007), 2: 52.
93
See, for instance Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–1944 (New York: St. Martin’s Press in association with the United States Holocaust Museum, 2000). See also Timothy Snyder, “To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and For All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947,” Journal of Cold War Studies, no. 2 (1999): 97.
94
“[An] analysis of 118 biographies of OUN(b) and UPA leaders in Ukraine during World War II shows that at least 46 % of them served in the regional and local police and administration, the Nachtigall and Roland Battalions, the SS Galicia Division, or studied in German-sponsored military schools, primarily, in the beginning of World War II. At least 23 % of the OUN(B) and UPA leaders in Ukraine were in the auxiliary police, Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201, and other police formations, 18 % in military and intelligence schools in Germany and Nazi-occupied Poland, 11 % in the Nachtigall and Roland Battalions, 8 % in the regional and local administration in Ukraine during the Nazi occupation, and 1 % in the SS Galicia Division.” Katchanovski, “Terrorists or National Heroes,” calculated from Petro Sodol, Ukrains’ka povstancha armiia, 1943–1949: Dovidnyk, (New York: Proloh, 1994).
95
Report No. 4-8-2034, by Pavel Sudoplatov, the leader of the third department of the fourth UPR of the NKGB of the USSR, to Kobulov, Deputy People’s Commissar of the NKGB of the USSR, March 16, 1944 HDA SBU, f. 13, sbornik no. 372, tom. 5, l. 209.
96
Reichsführer-SS, Chef der Deutschen Polizei, Chef der Bandenkampfverbände Ic.-We./Mu. Tgb. Nr. 67/44 a. H. Qu. 4 Januar 1944 lc.-Bericht über die Bandenlage ost für die Zeit von 16.12–31.12 1943, Natsional’nyi Arkhiv Respubliki Belarus’ (NARB), f. 685, vop. 1, sp. 1, t. 1, l. 8.
97
Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 162.
98
Friedman, “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations,” 182.
99
Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, 291.
100
Snyder, Reconstruction of Nations, 165.
101
Mykhail Dmytrievich Stepeniak fi le, HDA SBU, f. 6, d. 1510, tom. 1, ll. 29, 39.
102
Bruder, “Den ukrainischen Staat,” 166, citing Ereignismeldung UdSSR Nr. 126 of October 27, 1941, Meldung der Kommandeurs der Sipo und des SD in Lemberg, BArch Berlin-Lichterfelde, R 58/218, Bl. 323.
103
A UPA “pogrom” could look like this: “Before our military action we were given orders to kill and rob all Poles and Jews on the territory of the Dederkal’s’kyi r[aio]n. I personally took part in the pogrom of Poles and Jews in the Dederlal’kyi raion in the village Kotliarovka May 10–15, 1943. There we burnt 10 Polish farmsteads, killed about 10 people, and the rest escaped.” “Protokol doprosa Vozniuka Fedora Iradionovicha, 23 maia 1944,” HDA SBU, f. 13, spr. 1020, ark. 221–229. Thanks to Jared McBride for this reference.
104
Bruder, “Den ukrainischen Staat,” 100, citing Kommunikat Nr. 7, Archiwum Akt Nowych, Ambasada RP w Berlinie 3677, Bl. 262.
105
W" adis" aw Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, eds. Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukranskich na ludno$ci polskiej Wo!ynia 1939–1945, 2 vols., (Warsaw: Wydawn. von Borowiecky 2000),1:872; see also 2:1269. Other UPA songs had a similar content:
Zdobywaj, zdobywajmy slawe!..………….Let us achive our glory!
Wykosimy wszystkich Lachów po Warszaw. We’ll cut down all Poles [Liakhy] all the way to Warsaw.
Ukrai" ski narodzie. Ukrainian nation.
Zdobywaj, zdobywajmy sile! …………………………..Gather strength!
Zar(niemy wszystkich Lachów do mogi!y. We’ll butcher the Poles into their graves.
Ukranski narodzie. .Ukrainian nation.
Gdzie San, gdzie Karpaty…….. From the river San, to the Carpatians,
gdzie Krym, gdzie Kauka …………… From the Crimea to the Caucasus
Ukraina — Ukraincom…………………. Ukraine for the Ukrainians, a
wszystkim przybledom — precz! …….All aliens must go!
After (the Polish translation) in ibid., 2: 1294. Grzegorz Motyka, cites the following OUN march: “Death, death, death to the Poles/Death to the Moscow-Jewish commune/The OUN leads us into bloody battle. Each tormentor will face the same fate/ One gallow for Poles [Liakh] and dogs.” Grzegorz Motyka, Ukrai" ska partyzantka 1942–1960: dzialalnosc Organizacji Ukranskich Nacjonalistów i Ukranskiej Powsta" czej Armii (Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN; RYTM, 2006), 54.
106
Bruder, “Den ukrainischen Staat,” 146.
107
Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, 292.
108
Snyder, Reconstruction of Nations, 169.
109
Moshe Maltz, Years of Horrors — Glimpse of Hope: The Diary of a Family in Hiding (New York: Shengold, 1993), 147, entry for November 1944.
110
Ibid., diary entry for November 1943, 107.
111
Carynnyk, “Foes of our Rebirth”; Per A. Rudling, “Theory and Practice: Historical Representation of the Activities of the OUN-UPA,” East European Jewish Affairs, 36, no. 2 (2006): 163–189.
112
John-Paul Himka, “The Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Holocaust,” paper prepared for the forty-first national convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Boston, November 12–15, 2009, 8.
113
