Лестер Браун - Как избежать климатических катастроф?: План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации
662
Commission on Weak States and U. S. National Security, op. cit. note 76, pp. 30–32.
663
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries 2008: At a Glance (Paris: 2008), p. 9; OECD, “Development Aid at its Highest Level Ever in 2008”, пресс-релиз (Paris: 30 March 2009); “The Hypocrisy of Farm Subsidies”, New Yo r k Times, 1 December 2002.
664
“The Hypocrisy of Farm Subsidies”, op. cit. note 79.
665
OECD, “Development Aid”, op. cit. note 79; OECD, OECD Statistics, электронная база данных — см.: stats.oecd.org/wbos, последнее обновление в 2009 году; “South Africa: Weaning States Off Subsidies”, Africa News, 19 August 2005.
666
Julian Alston et al., Impacts of Reductions in US Cotton Subsidies on West African Cotton Producers (Boston: Oxfam America, 2007); OECD, op. cit. note 81; Elizabeth Becker, “U. S. Will Cut Farm Subsidies in Trade Deal”, New York Times, 31 July 2004; Randy Schnepf, U. S. Agricultural Policy Response to WTO Cotton Decision (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, последнее обновление 8 сентября 2006 года).
667
Schnepf, op. cit. note 82; Randy Schnepf, Brazil’s WTO Case Against the U. S. Ñîtton Program: A Brief Overview (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 17 March 2009).
668
World Bank, Global Economic Prospects, op. cit. note 6, pp. 11–12.
669
“Ending the Cycle of Debt”, New York Times, 1 October 2004; данные по обслуживанию долгов взяты из публикации: World Bank, Little Data Book on External Debt in Global Development Finance 2007 (Washington, DC: 2007), p. 8; затраты на здравоохранение рассчитаны по данным IMF, World Economic and Financial Surveys: Regional Economic Outlook — Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: September 2006), pp. 36, 43, из David Goldsbrough, “IMF Programs and Health Spending”, представленной на Global Conference on Gearing Macroeconomic Policies to Reverse the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, Brasilia, 20 ноября 2006 года, и из U. N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database — см.: esa.un.org/unpp, последнее обновление 2007.
670
“G8 Finance Ministers’ Conclusions on Development”, Pre Summit Statement by G-8 Finance Ministers, London, 10–11 June 2005; Oxfam International, “Gleneagles: What Really Happened at the G8 Summit?” Oxfam Briefing Note (London: 29 July 2005).
671
Oxfam International, “The View from the Summit Gleneagles G8 One Year On”, briefing note (Oxford, U. K.: June 2006).
672
World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2009, op. cit. note 1, p. 8; UN. World Food Programme, “Financial Crisis and High Food Prices”, fact sheet (Рим: материал обновлен 11 июня 2009 г.).
673
World Bank, “Financial Crisis Could Trap 53 Million More People in Poverty”, выпуск новостей (Washington, DC: 12 February 2009); World Bank, Global Economic Prospects, op. cit. note 6, pp. 11–12; Robert Zoellick, “Seizing Opportunity from Crisis: Making Multilateralism Work”, речь в Thomas Reuters Building, Canary Wharf, London, 31 March 2009.
674
Расчеты по затратам на осуществление социальных целей в таблице 7–1 основаны на следующих источниках: информация по всеобщему начальному образованию от U. K. Treasury, op. cit. note 17; кампания по искоренению неграмотности среди взрослых — по оценкам автора; программа предоставления школьных обедов по информации McGovern, op. cit. note 20; помощь детям дошкольного возраста и беременным женщинам — по оценкам автора на основе U. S.’s Women, Infants, and Children program, based on ibid.; репродуктивное здоровье и планирование семьи по информации Speidel et al., op. cit. note 69, and from Speidel, op. cit. note 69; всеобщее базовое здравоохранение по информации Sachs and Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, op. cit. note 27; решение проблемы нехватки презервативов — по оценкам UNFPA, op. cit. note 33, и из Population Action International, op. cit. note 33.
675
Sachs and Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, op. cit. note 27.
676
Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Group, 2005).
677
Craig A. Cox, “Conservation Can Mean Life or Death”, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, November/December 2004.
678
Там же.
679
U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), The state of the World’s Forests 2009 (Rome: 2009), pp. 109–115.
680
FAO, ForesSTAT — электронная база данных: faostat.fao.org, данные получены путем усреднения за пять лет, обновлены 12 января 2009 г.; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2007 Facts and Figures (Washington, DC: 2008), p. 102.
681
FAO, op. cit. note 3, p. 129; Daniel M. Kammen, “From Energy Efficiency to Social Utility: Lessons from Cookstove Design, Dissemination, and Use” в книге: Joseˆ Goldemberg and Thomas B. Johansson, Energy as an Instrument for Socio-Economic Development (New York: U. N. Development Programme, 1995).
682
Kevin Porter, “Final Kakuma Evaluation: Solar Cookers Filled a Critical Gap” в Solar Cooker International, Solar Cooker Review, vol. 10, no. 2 (November 2004); “Breakthrough in Kenyan Refugee Camps” — см.: solarcooking. org/kakuma-m.htm, просмотрено автором 30 июля 2007 г.
683
FAO, Agriculture: Towards 2015/30, Technical Interim Report (Geneva: Economic and Social Department, 2000), pp. 156–157.
684
Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use, “WWF/World Bank Forest Alliance Launches Ambitious Program to Reduce Deforestation and Curb Illegal Logging”, пресс-релиз (New York: World Bank/WWF, 25 May 2005); WWF/World Bank Global Forest Alliance, Annual Report 2005 (Gland, Switzerland, and Washington, DC: December 2006), p. 31.
685
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC, Forest Stewardship Council: News & Notes, vol. 7, issue 6 (July 2009); FSC, “Global FSC Certificates: Type and Distribution (March 2009)”, презентация в формате PowerPoint на www.fsc.org, июнь 2009.
686
A. Del Lungo, J. Ball, and J. Carle, Global Planted Forests Thematic Study: Results and Analysis (Rome: FAO Forestry Department, December 2006), p. 13; U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Production, Supply and Distribution — электронная база данных: www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline, данные обновлены 9 апреля 2009 г.
687
R. James and A. Del Lungo, “Comparison of Estimates of ‘High Value’ Wood With Estimates of Total Forest Plantation Production”, в книге: FAO, The Potential for Fast-Growing Commercial Forest Plantations to Supply High Value Roundwood (Rome: Forestry Department, February 2005), p. 24; данные о площади плантаций взяты из: “Table 4. Total Planted Forest Area: Productive and Protective — 61 Sampled Countries” из книги: Del Lungo, Ball, and Carle, op. cit. note 10, pp. 66–70.
688
Ashley T. Mattoon, “Paper Forests”, World Watch, March/April 1998, pp. 20–28; USDA, op. cit. note 10.
689
FAO, op. cit. note 7, p. 185; Chris Brown and D. J. Mead, eds., “Future Production from Forest Plantations”, Forest Plantations Thematic Paper (Rome: FAO, 2001), p. 9.
690
M. Davis et al., “New England — Acadian Forests” в книге: Taylor H. Ricketts et al., eds., Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999); David R. Foster, “Harvard Forest: Addressing Major Issues in Policy Debates and in the Understanding of Ecosystem Process and Pattern”, LTER Network News: The Newsletter of the Long Term Ecological Network, spring/summer 1996; U. S. Forest Service, “2006 Forest Health Highlights”, различные государственные отчеты: fhm.fs.fed.us, просмотрено автором 2 августа 2007 г.
691
C. Csaki, “Agricultural Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Status and Perspectives”, Agricultural Economics, vol. 22 (2000), pp. 37–54; Igor Shvytov, Agriculturally Induced Environmental Problems in Russia, Discussion Paper No. 17 (Halle, Germany: Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe, 1998), p. 13.
692
Se-Kyung Chong, “Anmyeon-do Recreation Forest: A Millennium of Management” в книге: Patrick B. Durst et al., In Search of Excellence: Exemplary Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific, Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission (Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2005), pp. 251–259.
693
Там же.
694
Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion: english.tema.org.tr, просмотрено автором 31 июля 2007 г.
695
Reed Funk, письмо автору, 9 августа 2005 г.
696
U. S. Embassy, Niamey, Niger, “Niger: Greener Now Than 30 Years Ago”, отчетный ролик, демонстрируемый в рамках национального симпозиума FRAME, октябрь 2006; Chris Reij, “More Success Stories in Africa’s Drylands Than Often Assumed”, доклад на Network of Farmers’ and Agricultural Producers’ Organizations of West Africa Forum on Food Sovereignty, 7–10 November 2006.
697
U. S. Embassy, op. cit. note 20; Reij, op. cit. note 20.
698
Vattenfall, Global Mapping of Greenhouse Gas Abatement Opportunities up to 2030: Forestry Sector Deep-Dive (Stockholm: June 2007), p. 1.
699
“Forest Area and Area Change”, in FAO, op. cit. note 3, pp. 109–115.
700
Johanna Son, “Philippines: Row Rages Over Lifting of Ban on Lumber Exports”, InterPress Service, 17 April 1998; John Aglionby, “Philippines Bans Logging After Fatal Floods”, Guardian (London), 6 December 2004; Republic of the Philippines, “President Okays Selective Lifting of Log Ban”, пресс-релиз (Manila: 7 March 2005).
701
“Forestry Cuts Down on Logging”, China Daily, 26 May 1998; Eric Eckholm, “China Admits Ecological Sins Played Role in Flood Disaster”, New York Times, 26 August 1998; Eric Eckholm, “Stunned by Floods, China Hastens Logging Curbs”, New York Times, 27 September 1998; Chris Brown, Patrick B. Durst, and Thomas Enters, Forests Out of Bounds: Impacts and Effectiveness of Logging Bans in Natural Forests in Asia-Pacific (Bangkok, Thailand: FAO Regional Office for Asia-Pacific, 2001); John Aglionby, “Philippines Bans Logging After Fatal Floods”, Guardian (London), 6 December 2004.
702
Geoffrey Lean, «A Disaster to Take Everyone’s Breath Away”, The Independent (London), 24 July 2006; Daniel Nepstad, “Climate Change and the Forest”, Tomorrow’s Amazonia: Using and Abusing the World’s Last Great Forests (Washington, DC: The American Prospect, September 2007); S. S. Saatchi et al., “Distribution of Aboveground Live Biomass in the Amazon Rainforest”, Global Change Biology, vol. 13, no. 4 (April 2007), pp. 816–837.
703
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 541–584; Vattenfall, op. cit. note 22, p. 16; поглощение углерода одним деревом, исходя из количества деревьев на гектар, равного 500, взято из U. N. Environment Programme (UNEP), Billion Tree Campaign, “Fast Facts” — см. www.unep.org/billiontreecampaign, просмотрено автором 10 октября 2007 г.; период роста взят из книги: Robert N. Stavins and Kenneth R. Richards, The Cost of U. S. Forest Based Carbon Sequestration (Arlington, VA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, January 2005), p. 10.
