Соня Любомирски - Психология счастья. Новый подход
24. Spiegel, D., Bloom, J.R., Kraemer, H.C., and Gottheil, E. (1989). Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet, 2: 888–91.
25. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Rook, K.S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46: 1097–1108. Windholz, M.J., Marmar, C.R., and Horowitz, M.J. (1985). A review of the research on conjugal bereavement: Impact on health and efficacy of intervention. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 26: 433–47.
27. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. New York: Free Press.
28. Lerner, M.J. (1980). The Belief in a Just World. New York: Plenum.
29. Цитаты взяты из Davis et al. (1998), указ. соч.
30. Там же.
31. Bower, J.E., Kemeny, M.E., Taylor, S.E., and Fahey, J.L. (1998). Cognitive processing, discovery of meaning, CD4 decline, and AIDS-related mortality among bereaved HIV-seropositive men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66: 979–86.
32. Прекрасный обзор этой работы см. Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions. New York: Guilford.
33. Обзор см. Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8: 162–66. Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132: 823–65.
34. Pennebaker, J.W., Mayne, T.J., and Francis, M.E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 863–71.
35. Pennebaker, J.W., and Seagal, J.D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55: 1243–54. Quote appears on p. 1244.
36. Seligman (1990), указ. соч.
37. McCullough, M.E., and Witvliet, C.V. (2002). The psychology of forgiveness. In Snyder and Lopez, op. cit., 446–58.
38. McCullough, M.E., Pargament, K.I., and Thoresen, C.T. (eds.). (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Guilford.
39. McCullough, M.E., Rachal, K.C., Sandage, S.J., Worthington, E.L., Jr., Brown, S.W., and Hight, T.L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 1586–1603.
40. Прекрасный обзор этого исследования см. McCullough and Witvliet (2002), указ. соч., McCullough, M.E. (2001). Forgiveness: Who does it and how do they do it? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10: 194–97.
41. Hebl, J.H., and Enright, R.D. (1993). Forgiveness as a psychotherapeutic goal with elderly females. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 30: 658–67.
42. Worthington, E.L., Jr., Sandage, S.J., and Berry, J.W. (2000). Group interventions to promote forgiveness: What researchers and clinicians ought to know. In McCullough, M.E., Pargament, K.I., and Thoresen, C.T. (eds.). Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 228–53). New York: Guilford. Harris, A.H. S., and Thoresen, C.E. (2006). Extending the influence of positive psychology interventions into health care settings: Lessons from self-efficacy and forgiveness. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1: 27–36.
43. Karremans, J.C., Van Lange, P.A. M., and Holland, R.W. (2005). Forgiveness and its associations with prosocial thinking, feeling, and doing beyond the relationship with the offender. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31: 1315–26.
44. Модификация упражнения, предложенного Мартином Селигманом и Трейси Стин.
45. Witvliet, C.V., Ludwig, T.E., and Vander Laan, K.L. (2001). Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health. Psychological Science, 12: 117–23.
46. См. http://www.forgivenessday.org/hero.htm, примеры таких «героев прощения», в том числе известных и обычных людей.
47. McCullough, M.E., Worthington, E.L., and Rachal, K.C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 321–36.
48. Shapiro, D.L. (1991). The effects of explanations on negative reactions to deceit. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 614–30.
49. McCullough et al. (1997), op. cit., McCullough et al. (1998), указ. соч.
50. McCullough, M.E., Bellah, C.G., Kilpatrick, S.D., and Johnson, J.L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, wellbeing, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27: 601–10.
51. Remnick, D. (2006, September 18). The wanderer. New Yorker.
7. Жить в настоящем1. Gregory, A. (2005, March 21). “(Man at work thinking about golf, golfing thinking about sex, having sex, thinking about work.)” New Yorker.
2. Лучшее описание состояния «потока», по моему мнению, можно найти в книге Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper & Row.
3. Nakamura, J., and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The concept of flow. In Snyder, and Lopez, op. cit., 89–105.
4. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K., and Whalen, S. (1993). Talented Teenagers. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5. Csikszentmihalyi (1990), указ. соч., 10.
6. LeFevre, J. (1988). Flow and the quality of experience during work and leisure. In Csikszentmihalyi, M., and Csikszentmihalyi, I. (eds.). Optimal Experience (pp. 307–18). New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (Original work published in 1975.)
8. Это упражнение предложили Мартин Селигман и Трейси Стин.
9. Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., and Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People’s relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31: 21–33.
10. Wrzesniewski, A., and Dutton, J.E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26: 179–201.
11. Кроме того, некоторые находят состояние «потока» в вандализме, физическом насилии или в тираническом контроле над группой, организацией или страной. Другие испытывают состояние «потока», гоняя на машине на бешеной скорости, играя в азартные игры, воруя в магазинах или мошенничая. Это еще одна потенциальная опасность «потока». Такие действия могут вызвать временную радость и даже эйфорию, но в долгосрочной перспективе их риск очень велик, и такое счастье длится недолго. Так что выбирайте с умом.
12. Дэвид Лодж предложил замечательный термин для этого феномена: «ностальгия по будущему».
13. Фред Брайант и Джозеф Верофф первыми исследовали и описали феномен наслаждения жизнью. Обновленный обзор см. Bryant, F.B., and Veroff, J. (2006). Savoring: A New Model of Positive Experience. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Их работа также описана в следующих источниках: Bryant, F.B. (1989). A four-factor model of perceived control: Avoiding, coping, obtaining, and savoring. Journal of Personality, 57: 773–97. Bryant, F.B. (2003). Savoring beliefs inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savoring. Journal of Mental Health, 12: 175–96.
14. Bryant (2003), указ. соч.
15. Там же.
16. Seligman, M.E. P., Rashid, T., and Parks, A.C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61: 774–88.
17. Schueller (2006), указ. соч.
18. Приписывается Роберту Бро.
19. Pasupathi, M., and Carstensen, L.L. (2003). Age and emotional experience during mutual reminiscing. Psychology and Aging, 18: 430–42.
20. Havighurst, R.J., and Glasser, R. (1972). An exploratory study of reminiscence. Journal of Gerontology, 27: 245–53.
21. Bryant, F.B., Smart, C.M., and King, S.P. (2005). Using the past to enhance the present: Boosting happiness through positive reminiscence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6: 227–60.
22. Bryant et al. (2005), указ. соч.
23. Там же, 237.
24. Хамфри Богарт говорит эти слова Ингрид Бергман в последней сцене «Касабланки», прежде, чем она сядет на самолет в Лиссабон, чтобы никогда больше его не увидеть.
25. Lyubomirsky, Sousa, et al. (2006), указ. соч.
26. Langston, C.A. (1994). Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67: 1112–25. См. также Gable et al. (2004), указ. соч.
27. Bryant and Veroff (2006), указ. соч.
28. Haidt, J., and Keltner, D. (2004). Appreciation of beauty and excellence [Awe, Wonder, Elevation]. In Peterson, C., and Seligman, M.E.P. (eds.). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (pp. 537–51). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
29. Этот прекрасный пример приведен в Haidt and Keltner (2004), указ. соч., 537.
30. Brown, K.W., and Ryan, R.M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84: 822–48.
31. James, W. (1924). Memories and Studies. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. (Original work published in 1911.)
32. Джон Кебет-Цинн, основатель клиники Stress Reduction Clinic в медицинском центре Массачусетского университета, был пионером в этой области. Краткий обзор этих исследований см. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness, 15th anniversary ed. New York: Bantam Dell.
33. Bryant and Veroff (2006), указ. соч.
34. LeBel, J.L., and Dube, L. (2001, June). The impact of sensory knowledge and attentional focus on pleasure and on behavioral responses to hedonic stimuli. Paper presented at the thirteenth annual American Psychological Society Convention, Toronto.
35. Эта история приводится в Kubovy, M. (1999). On the pleasures of the mind. In Kahneman, Diener, and Schwarz, op. cit., pp. 134–54.
36. Эту идею предложил социальный психолог Хайме Куртц.
37. Kurtz, J.L., and Wilson, T.D. (2007). “Looking to the future to appreciate the present: The function of bittersweet emotions.” Manuscript in preparation. 38. Boehm, J.K., Dickerhoof, R., and Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). “Endowing versus contrasting life events: The relationship between thought perspective and well-being.” Unpublished data, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside.
39. Приписывается Джиму Холлидею. Caen, H. (1975, April 15). [Editorial]. San Francisco Chronicle.
40. Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., and Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91: 975–93.
41. Lyubomirsky, Sousa, et al. (2006), указ. соч.
42. Epel, E.S., Bandura, A., and Zimbardo, P.G. (1999). Escaping homelessness: The influences of self-efficacy and time perspective on coping with homelessness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29: 575–96.
43. Kessler, L. (2004, August 22). Dancing with Rose: A strangely beautiful encounter with Alzheimer’s patients provides insights that challenge the way we view the disease. Los Angeles Times Magazine, 29.
44. Обзоры см. Zimbardo, P.G., and Boyd, J.N. (1998). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-difference metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 1271–88. Boyd, J.N., and Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). Time perspective, health, and risk taking. In Strathman, A., and Joireman, J. (eds.). Understanding Behavior in the Context of Time: Theory, Research, and Application (pp. 85–107). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
45. Свидетельства того, что люди способны делать и то и другое, то есть жить в настоящем и быть ориентированными на будущее, – см. Liu, W., and Aaker, J. (2007). Do you look to the future or focus on today?: The impact of life experience on intertemporal decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102: 212–25.
46. Цитата принадлежит бывшему президенту США Биллу Клинтону. Remnick (2006, September 18), op. cit., 53.
8. Действие счастья № 10: Ставить перед собой цели1. Wolfe, W.B. (2001). How to Be Happy Though Human. London: Routledge. (Original work published in 1932.)
2. Обзор см. Cantor, N., and Sanderson, C.A. (1999). Life task participation and well-being: The importance of taking part in daily life. In Kahneman, Diener, and Schwarz, op. cit., 230–43.
3. Brunstein, J.C. (1993). Personal goals and subjective well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 1061–70.
4. Swed, M. (2004, June 7). At Disney, a soaring tribute; Esa-Pekka Salonen’s “Wing on Wing” is a stirringly heartfelt work honoring Frank Gehry. Los Angeles Times, E1.
5. Cantor, N. (1990). From thought to behavior: “Having” and “doing” in the study of personality and cognition. American Psychologist, 45: 735–50.
6. Обзор см. Ryan, R.M., and Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55: 68–78.
7. Kasser, T., and Ryan, R.M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 410–22. Kasser, T., and Ryan, R.M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22: 280–87. Sheldon, K.M., and Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68: 531–43.
