Роберт Каплан - Муссон. Индийский океан и будущее американской политики
Хочу снова поблагодарить мою любящую жену, с которой мы вместе идем по жизни уже 27 лет, – Марию Кабрал. Без ее помощи многое осталось бы для меня невозможным.
Примечания
1. C. R. Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825. L.: Hutchinson, 1969. P. 65.
2. Луис де Камоэнс. Лузиады. Песнь шестая: 93.
3. Charles Verlinden. The Indian Ocean: The Ancient Period and the Middle Ages // Satish Chandra. The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics. New Delhi: Safe, 1987. P. 27.
ЧАCТЬ ПЕРВАЯ Глава 1. Китай: экспансия «по вертикали»; Индия: экспансия «по горизонтали»1. Sugata Bose. A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. P. 10, 34.
2. Ibid. P. 12, 13.
3. Michael Pearson. The Indian Ocean. N. Y.: Routledge, 2003. P. 12.
4. Fareed Zakaria. The Post-American World. N. Y.: Norton, 2008.
5. Felipe Fernа́ndez-Armesto. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. N. Y.: Norton, 2006. P. 31.
6. Janet L. Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony: The World System A. D. 1250–1350. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1989. P. 291, цитируется Tomé Pires.
7. John Keay. The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company. L.: HarperCollins, 1991. P. 104.
8. Heather Timmons and Somini Sengupta. Building a Modern Arsenal in India // New York Times. 2007. August 31. (Цитируется высказывание Ситаншу Кара, пресс-секретаря Минобороны Индии.)
9. International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2007. P., 2007.
10. Bethany Danyluk, Juli A. MacDonald, and Ryan Tuggle. Energy Futures in Asia: Perspectives on India’s Energy Security Strategy and Policies. Booz Allen Hamilton, 2007.
11. Andrew Erickson and Gabe Collins. Beijing’s Energy Security Strategy: The Significance of a Chinese State-Owned Tanker Fleet // Orbis. 2007. Fall.
12. Martin Walker. CHIMEA: The Emerging Hub of the Global Economy // A. T. Kearney report, Washington, D.C., 2008. (Десять судов ежедневно и ежечасно минуют Малаккский пролив.)
13. Thomas P. M. Barnett. India’s 12 Steps to a World-Class Navy // Proceedings. Annapolis. 2001. MD, July.
14. James R. Holmes and Toshi Yoshihara. China and the United States in the Indian Ocean: An Emerging Strategic Triangle? // Naval War College Review. 2008. Summer.
15. Juli A. MacDonald, Amy Donahue, and Bethany Danyluk. Energy Futures in Asia: Final Report // Booz Allen Hamilton. 2004. November. (Цитата изначально использована Россом Мунро, экспертом по китайским вопросам.)
16. Holmes and Yoshihara. China and the United States in the Indian Ocean.
17. Китай строит подобные сооружения в Камбодже, в Сиамском заливе и Южно-Китайском море. MacDonald, Donahue, and Danyluk. Energy Futures in Asia; Malik. Energy Flows and Maritime Rivalries in the Indian Ocean Region.
18. Andrew Erickson and Lyle Goldstein. Gunboats for China’s New ‘Grand Canals’? // Naval War College Review. 2009. Spring.
19. Louise Levathes. When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasury Fleet of the Dragon Throne. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1994; Thant Myint-U. The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma. N. Y.: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006. P. 66; Richard Hall. Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders. L.: HarperCollins, 1996. P. 79.
20. M. Shamsur Rabb Khan. Time to Revive India – Iran Relations // India Post.com. 2008. Jan. 27.
21. Kemp, East Moves West.
22. Ramtanu Maitra. India-US Security: All at Sea in the Indian Ocean // Asia Times. 2007. Dec. 6.
23. MacDonald, Donahue, and Danyluk. Energy Futures in Asia.
24. Greg Sheridan. East Meets West // National Interest. 2006. November/December.
25. Ibid.
26. Walker. CHIMEA.
ЧАСТЬ ВТОРАЯ Глава 2. Оман – повсюду1. Felipe Fernа́ndez-Armesto. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. N. Y.: Norton, 2006. P. 36.
2. Alan Villiers. Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean. N. Y.: McGraw Hill, 1952. P. 55.
3. Juliet Highet. Frankincense: Oman’s Gift to the World. N. Y.: Prestel, 2006.
4. Ministry of National Heritage and Culture, Oman: A Seafaring Nation. Muscat: Sultanate of Oman, 2005.
5. The Travels of Marco Polo, ch. 37.
6. Janet L. Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony: The World System A. D. 1250–1350. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1989. P. 203; Richard Hall. Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders. L.: HarperCollins, 1996. P. 8.
7. Keay, Honourable Company. P. 16, 17.
8. André Wink. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries. Boston and Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 1990, 2002. P. 4.
9. Halford Mackinder. The Geographical Pivot of History // Geographical Journal. L., 1904. April.
10. Fernа́ndez-Armesto. Pathfinders. P. 33.
11. Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony. P. 198, 199. См. также: Hourani. P. 47, 62; Wink. Al-Hind. P. 50.
12. Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony. P. 200, 208, 261.
13. Fernа́ndez-Armesto. Pathfinders. P. 64.
14. Patricia Risso. Merchants & Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995. P. 46; Philip D. Curtin. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. N. Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1984. P. 121.
15. George F. Hourani. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951. P. 4, 23.
16. Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony. P. 242.
17. Marshall G. S. Hodgson. The Venture of Islam, vol. 2. The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. P. 542, 543.
18. Risso. Merchants & Faith. P. 53.
19. Ibid. P. 5, 6, 54, 71, 72.
20. Ibid. P. 23, 24.
21. Peter Boxhall. Portuguese Seafarers in the Indian Ocean // Asian Affairs. 1992. Vol. 23. № 3.
22. Nayan Chandra. When Asia Was One // GlobalAsia: A Journal of the East Asia Foundation. 2006. September.
23. Hall. Empires of the Monsoon. P. 24, 25, 63.
24. Chanda. When Asia Was One.
25. Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony. P. 253.
Глава 3. Границы и преграды согласно лорду Керзону1. George N. Curzon. Frontiers: The Romanes Lecture 1907. 1907; Reprint, Boston: Elibron Classics, 2006.
2. Ibid. P. 13–16.
3. Peter Mansfield. The Arabs. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1976. P. 371 of Penguin; Curzon. Frontiers. P. 42.
4. Bernard Lewis. The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years. N. Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1995. P. 66. См. также: Ayesha Jalal. Partisans of Allah. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
5. Calvin H. Allen Jr. Oman: A Separate Place // Wilson Quarterly. 1987. New Year’s.
6. Ibid.
7. Richard Hall. Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders. L.: HarperCollins, 1996. P. 355.
8. Ibid.
9. Samuel P. Huntington. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968. P. 5, 6.
10. Презентация профессора антропологии Гарвардского университета Engseng Ho на конференции Port City States of the Indian Ocean (Harvard University and the Dubai Initiative. 2008. Feb. 9–10).
Глава 4. «Индийские края»1. C. R. Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, with an introduction by J. H. Plumb. L.: Hutchinson, 1969. P. 354.
2. Landeg White. Introduction to Luiz Vaz de Camões, The Lusíads. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1997.
3. George F. Hourani. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951. P. 35.
4. Edward Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 1776; reprint, N. Y.: Knopf, 1993. Ch. 2. См. также: Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A. D. 1250–1350. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1989. P. 265.
5. Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony. P. 265.
6. Burton Stein. A History of India. Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell, 1998. P. 100–104, 127, 128.
7. Richard Hall. Empires of the Monsoon: A History of the Indian Ocean and Its Invaders. L.: HarperCollins, 1996. P. 323.
8. Более детально об этом см. в кн.: Fernand Braudel. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vol. 2. 1949; N. Y.: Harper & Row, 1973. P. 1174–1176.
9. A. J. R. Russell-Wood. The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. P. 22.
10. K. M. Pannikar. Asia and Western Dominance. L.: Allen & Unwin, 1959. P. 17.
11. Ibid. P. 24.
12. Hall. Empires of the Monsoon. P. 190.
13. Panikkar. Asia and Western Dominance. P. 17, 24, 313.
14. Ibid. P. 25.
15. Peter Russell. Prince Henry «the Navigator»: A Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
16. Saudi Aramco World. 1962. June/July.
17. Patricia Risso. Merchants & Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. Boulder. CO: Westview, 1995. P. 36; Jakub J. Grygiel. Great Powers and Geopolitical Change. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. P. 41, 42.
18. В этом разделе широко цитируется Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire.
19. Grygiel. Great Powers and Geopolitical Change. P. 43.
20. William Dalrymple. The Age of Kali: Indian Travels and Encounters. L.: HarperCollins, 1998. P. 238.
21. Alan Villiers. Monsoon Seas: The Story of the Indian Ocean. N. Y.: McGrawHill, 1952. P. 161–165.
22. Fernа́ndez-Armesto. Pathfinders. P. 181.
23. R. B. Sergeant. The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast. Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon, 1963. P. 15.
24. Michael Pearson. The Indian Ocean. N. Y.: Routledge, 2003. P. 125.
25. Plumb in: Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p. xxiii.
26. Hall. Empires of the Monsoon. P. 172, 198. См. также: Gaspar Correa. The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama (1964); Nick Robins. The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 2006. P. 41, 42.
27. T. E. Lawrence. Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph. L.: Jonathan Cape, 1926, 1935. Ch. 3.
28. Boxer. Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. 377, 378.
29. Ibid. P. 296.
30. Ibid. P. 39–43.
31. Risso. Merchants & Faith. P. 52.
32. Russell-Wood. Portuguese Empire. P. 15, 18–20.
33. Ibid. P. 21.
34. Fernа́ndo Pessoa. The Book of Disquiet, trans. Margaret Jull Costa. 1982; reprint, N. Y.: Serpent’s Tail, 1991. P. 52.
35. Russell-Wood. The Portuguese Empire. P. 23, 198.
36. C. M. Bowra. Camões and the Epic of Portugal // C. M. Bowra. From Virgil to Milton. 1945; reprint, L.: Macmillan, 1967. P. 99, 100; Луис де Камоэнс. Лузиады. Песнь пятая: 81.
37. Камоэнс. Лузиады. Песнь восьмая: 86.
38. Там же. Песнь шестая: 84.
39. White, Introduction to The Lusíads. См. также: Sanjay Subrahmanyam. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama. N. Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1997. P. 154–159.
40. Камоэнс. Лузиады. Песнь пятая: 86.
41. Bowra. From Virgil to Milton. P. 86.
42. Камоэнс. Лузиады. Песнь первая: 27.
43. Камоэнс. Лузиады. Песнь пятая: 16.
44. Bowra. From Virgil to Milton. P. 97; Камоэнс. Лузиады. Песнь первая: 64, песнь десятая: 102, 122.
45. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. N. Y., 1910.
46. Камоэнс. Лузиады. Песнь первая: 3.
