Мартин Форд - Роботы наступают
74
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, «Chart Book: The Legacy of the Great Recession», September 6, 2013, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3252.
75
Источник данных: База данных по экономической статистике Федеральной резервной системы (Federal Reserve Economic Data, FRED), Федеральный резервный банк Сент-Луиса: все наемные работники: общие показатели для торговли и промышленности (кроме сельского хозяйства), в тысячах человек, с учетом сезонных колебаний [PAYEMS]; Бюро трудовой статистики Министерства торговли США; https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/PAYEMS/; данные по состоянию на 10.06.2014.
76
Описание эксперимента Гхаяда см.: Mathew O'Brien, «The Terrifyi ng Reality of Long-Term Unemployment», The Atlantic, April 13, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/04/the-terrifying-reality-of-long-term-unemployment/274957/.
77
Подробнее об отчете Института городского развития о длительной безработице см.: Mathew O'Brien, «Who Are the Long-Term Unemployed?», The Atlantic, August 23, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/08/who-are-the-long-term-unemployed/278964; также см.: Josh Mitchell, «Who Are the Long-Term Unemployed?», Urban Institute, July 2013, http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412885-who-are-the-long-term-unemployed.pdf.
78
«The Gap Widens Again», The Economist, March 10, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21549944.
79
Emmanuel Saez, «Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States», University of California, Berkeley, September 3, 2013, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf.
80
CIA World Factbook, «Country Comparison: Distribution of Family Income: Gini Index», https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html; данные по состоянию на 29.04.2014.
81
Dan Ariely, «Americans Want to Live in a Much More Equal Country (They Just Don't Realize It)», The Atlantic, August 2, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/08/americans-want-to-live-in-a-much-more-equal-country-they-just-dont-realize-it/260639/.
82
Jonathan James, «The College Wage Premium», Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Economic Commentary, August 8, 2012, http://www.clevelandfed.org/research/commentary/2012/2012-10.cfm.
83
Diana G. Carew, «No Recovery for Young People» (Progressive Policy Institute blog), August 5, 2013, http://www.progressivepolicy.org/2013/08/no-recovery-for-young-people/.
84
Nir Jaimovich and Henry E. Siu, «The Trend Is the Cycle: Job Polarization and Jobless Recoveries», National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 18334, issued in August 2012, http://www.nber.org/papers/w18334; см. также: http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/hsiu/research/polar20120331.pdf.
85
См., например: Ben Casselman, «Low Pay Clouds Job Growth», Wall Street Journal, April 3, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324635904578643654030630378.html.
86
Данная информация содержится в ежемесячных отчетах о занятости Бюро трудовой статистики. Согласно данным Table A-5 в отчете за декабрь 2007 г. (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_01042008.pdf), количество рабочих мест с полной занятостью составляло 122 млн, с частичной — около 24 млн. Согласно данным Table A-8 в отчете за август 2013 г. (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_09062013.pdf), количество рабочих мест с полной занятостью составляло около 117 млн, с частичной — 27 млн.
87
David Autor, «The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U. S. Labor Market: Implications for Employment and Earnings», a paper jointly released by The Center for American Progress and The Hamilton Project, April 2010, pp. 8–9, http://economics.mit.edu/files/5554.
88
David Autor, «The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U. S. Labor Market: Implications for Employment and Earnings», a paper jointly released by The Center for American Progress and The Hamilton Project, April 2010, pp. 8–9, http://economics.mit.edu/files/5554, с. 4.
89
David Autor, «The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U. S. Labor Market: Implications for Employment and Earnings», a paper jointly released by The Center for American Progress and The Hamilton Project, April 2010, pp. 8–9, http://economics.mit.edu/files/5554, с. 2.
90
Jaimovich and Siu, «The Trend Is the Cycle: Job Polarization and Jobless Recoveries», p. 2.
91
Chrystia Freeland, «The Rise of 'Lovely' and 'Lousy' Jobs», Reuters, April 12, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/12/column-freeland-middleclass-idUSL2E8FCCZZ20120412.
92
Galina Hale and Bart Hobijn, «The U. S. Content of 'Made in China'», Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (FRBSF), Economic Letter, August 8, 2011, http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2011/august/us-made-in-china/.
93
Источник данных: База данных по экономической статистике Федеральной резервной системы (Federal Reserve Economic Data, FRED), Федеральный резервный банк Сент-Луиса: все работники, промышленность, в тысячах человек, с учетом сезонных колебаний [MANEMP], поделенные на все работники: общие показатели для торговли и промышленности (кроме сельского хозяйства), в тысячах человек, с учетом сезонных колебаний [PAYEMS]; Бюро трудовой статистики Министерства торговли США; https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/PAYEMS/; данные по состоянию на 10.06.2014.
94
Bruce Bartlett, «'Financialization' as a Cause of Economic Malaise», New York Times (Economix blog), June 11, 2013, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/financialization-as-a-cause-of-economic-malaise/; Brad Delong, «The Financialization of the American Economy» (blog), October 18, 2011, http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2011/10/the-financialization-of-the-american-economy.html.
95
Simon Johnson and James Kwak, 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown (New York: Pantheon, 2010), pp. 85–86.
96
Matt Taibbi, «The Great American Bubble Machine», Rolling Stone, July 9, 2009, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-great-american-bubble-machine-20100405.
97
Существует ряд работ, в которых демонстрируется взаимосвязь между финансиализацией и неравенством. См. исчерпывающий анализ: James K. Galbraith, Inequality and Instability: A Study of the World Economy Just Before the Great Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). Подробнее о взаимосвязи между финансиализацией и снижением доли труда см.: Global Wage Report 2012/13, International Labour Organization, 2013, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_194843.pdf.
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Susie Poppick, «4 Ways the Market Could Really Surprise You», CNN Money, January 28, 2013, http://money.cnn.com/gallery/investing/2013/01/28/stock-market-crash.moneymag/index.html.
99
Matthew Yglesias, «America's Private Sector Labor Unions Have Always Been in Decline», Slate (Moneybox blog), March 20, 2013, http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/03/20/private_sector_labor_unions_have_always_been_in_decline.html.
100
Подробнее о медианных показателях оплаты труда и профсоюзных организациях в Канаде см.: Miles Corak, «The Simple Economics of the Declining Middle Class — and the Not So Simple Politics», Economics for Public Policy Blog, August 7, 2013, http://milescorak.com/2013/08/07/the-simple-economics-of-the-declining-middle-class-and-the-not-so-simple-politics/; а также см.: «Unions on Decline in Private Sector», CBC News Canada, September 2, 2012, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/unions-on-decline-in-private-sector-1.1150562.
101
Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne, «The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?», Oxford Martin School, Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology, September 17, 2013, p. 38, http://www.futuretech.ox.ac.uk/sites/futuretech.ox.ac.uk/files/The_Future_of_Employment_OMS_Working_Paper_1.pdf.
102
Paul Krugman, «Robots and Robber Barons», New York Times, December 9, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/opinion/krugman-robots-and-robber-barons.html?gwh=054BD73AB17F28CD31B3999AABFD7E86; Jeffrey D. Sachs and Laurence J. Kotlikoff, «Smart Machines and Long-Term Misery», National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 18629, issued in December 2012, http://www.nber.org/papers/w18629.pdf.
103
Robert J. Gordon, «Is U. S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds», National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper 18315, issued in August 2012, http://www.nber.org/papers/w18315; см. также: http://faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu/economics/gordon/is%20us%20economic%20growth%20over.pdf.
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Подробнее об S-обратных кривых в производстве полупроводников см.: Murrae J. Bowden, «Moore's Law and the Technology S-Curve», Current Issues in Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology, Winter 2004, https://www.stevens.edu/howe/sites/default/files/bowden_0.pdf.
