Джон Кейжу - Открытия, которые изменили мир
И все же…
Несомненно, что величайшие прорывы в медицине спасли множество жизней и изменили наше видение мира. Невежество, беспечность и иррациональный страх, вероятно, присущи людям от природы. Но каждое медицинское достижение служит дополнительной прививкой от наших худших проявлений. Иначе многих вещей, возникших как реакция на появление A (H1N1) — от бутылочек антисептического геля в сапогах Санта-Клаусов до диспенсеров святой воды, — вообще не было бы. Мы никогда не узнаем, что было бы со смертельно опасным вирусом A (H1N1) или любой другой недавней эпидемией при ином развитии событий, но есть основания полагать, что цена была бы куда более высокой.
Пожалуй, один общий урок, который преподнесли нам все десять научных прорывов, таков: к какой бы части тела ни относилось очередное открытие в медицине, его успех будет во многом зависеть от влияния на одну область — человеческий разум.
Библиография
Подробнее об Анаксагоре см.: Фрагменты ранних греческих философов. Часть 1: от эпических космогоний до возникновения атомистики / изд. А. В. Лебедев. М.: Наука, 1989.
Hanover Historical Texts Project // http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/anaxagor.htm.
Bujalkova M. Hippocrates and his principles of medical ethics // Bratislavskélekárske listy 2001. Vol. 102. No. 2. Pp. 117–120.
Burnham J. What Is Medical History? Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2005.
Chang A., Lad E. M., Lad S. P. Hippocrates’ influence on the origins of neurosurgery // Neurosurgical Focus, 2007. Vol. 23. No. 1, July. Pp. 1–3.
Conrad L. I., Neve M., Nutton V. et al. The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Katsambas A., Marketos S. G. Hippocratic messages for modern medicine (the vindication of Hippocrates) // Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2007. Vol. 21. Pp. 859–861.
Longrigg J. Greek Medicine: From the Heroic to the Hellenistic Age. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd, 1998.
Nutton V. Ancient Medicine. London: Routledge, 2004.
Orfanos C. E. From Hippocrates to modern medicine // Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2007. Vol. 21. Pp. 852–858.
Simopoulos A. P. The Hippocratic concept of positive health in the 5th century BC and in the new millennium / A. P. Simopoulos, K. N. Pavlou, eds. Nutrition and Fitness: Diet, Genes, Physical Activity and Health. Basel: Karger, 2001. Vol. 89. Pp. 1–4.
Taylor H. O. Greek Biology and Medicine. Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1922 // www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0002.html.
U. S. National Library of Medicine. Greek Medicine. National Institutes of Health, 2002 // www.nlm.hih.gov/hmd/greek/index.html.
Глава 2Bentivoglio M., Pacini P. Filippo Pacini: A determined observer // Brain Research Bulletin, 1995. Vol. 38. No. 2. Pp. 161–165.
Cameron D., Jones I. G. John Snow, the Broad Street pump, and modern epidemiology // International Journal of Epidemiology, 1983. Vol. 12. Pp. 393–396.
The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, and General
Information. Cholera. 11th ed. Volume VI. New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 1910.
Eyler J. M. The changing assessments of John Snow’s and William Farr’s cholera studies // A. Morabia, ed. A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag, 2004.
Halliday S. Death and miasma in Victorian London: An obstinate belief // British Medical Journal, 2001. Vol. 323, December. Pp. 1469–1471.
Hamlin C., Sheard S. Revolutions in public health: 1848 and 1998 // British Medical Journal, 1998. Vol. 317, August. Pp. 587–591.
Howard-Jones N. Robert Koch and the cholera vibrio: A centenary // British Medical Journal, 1984. Vol. 288, February. Pp. 379–381.
The Medical Times and Gazette: A Journal of Medical Science, Literature, Criticism, and News // The Cholera. Vol. 7. London: John Churchill, 1853.
Melosi M. The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
Newsom S. W. B. Pioneers in infection control: John Snow, Henry Whitehead, the Broad Street pump, and the beginnings of geographical epidemiology // Journal of Hospital Infection, 2006. Vol. 64. Pp. 210–216.
Paneth N. Assessing the contributions of John Snow to epidemiology 150 years after removal of the broad street pump handle // Epidemiology, 2004. Vol. 15. No. 5, September. Pp. 514–516.
Peterson J. A. The impact of sanitary reform upon American urban planning, 1840–1890 // Journal of Social History, 1979. Vol. 13. No. 1. Pp. 83–103.
Reidl J., Klose K. E. Vibrio cholerae and cholera: Out of the water and into the host // FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2002. Vol. 26. Pp. 125–139.
Sack D. A., Sack R. G., Nair G., Siddique A. D. Cholera // The Lancet, 2004. Vol. 363, January. Pp. 223–233.
Sellers D. Hidden Beneath Our Feet: The Story of Sewerage in Leeds. Leeds: Leeds City Council, Department of Highways and Transportation, 1997. October.
Smith C. E. The Broad Street pump revisited // International Journal of Epidemiology, 1982. Vol. 11. Pp. 99–100.
Snow J. Mode of Communication of Cholera. London: John Churchill, 1855 // www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html.
Сайт Джона Сноу: отделение эпидемиологии, Школа общественного здоровья Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе // www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html.
Winterton W. R. The Soho cholera epidemic 1854 // History of Medicine, 1980. March/April. Pp. 11–20.
Zuckerman J. N., Rombo L., Fisch A. The true burden and risk of cholera: Implications for prevention and control // The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2007. Vol. 7. Pp. 521–530.
Глава 3Bardell D. The roles of sense and taste and clean teeth in the discovery of bacteria by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek // Microbiological Reviews, 1982. Vol. 47. No. 1, March. Pp. 121–126.
Barnett J. A. Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: The contribution of yeast research // Microbiology, 2003. Vol. 149. Pp. 557–567.
Baxter A. G. Louis Pasteur’s beer of revenge // Nature Reviews Immunology, 2001. Vol. 1, December. Pp. 229–232.
Blaser M. J. Who are we? Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human diseases // European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Reports, 2006. Vol. 7. No. 10. Pp. 956–960.
Carter K. C. Semmelweis and his predecessors // Medical History, 1981. Vol. 25. Pp. 57–72.
Carte, K. C. Koch’s postulates in relation to the work of Jacob Henle and Edwin Klebs // Medical History, 1985. Vol. 29. Pp. 353–374.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimates of Healthcare — Associated Infections // www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/hai.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51 (RR-16), 2002. October. Pp. 1–33.
Dunlop D. R. The life and work of Louis Pasteur // The Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1927. November. Pp. 297–303.
Dunn P. M. Ignac Semmelweis (1818–1865) of Budapest and the prevention of puerperal fever // Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 2005. Vol. 90. Pp. F345–F348.
Elek S. D. Semmelweis and the Oath of Hippocrates // Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1966. Vol. 59. No. 4, April. Pp. 346–352.
The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, and General Information. 11th ed. Volume XVI. Lister, Joseph. New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 191.
Fleming A. Louis Pasteur // British Medical Journal, 1947. April. Pp. 517–522.
Fleming J. B. Puerperal fever: The historical development of its treatment // Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1966. Vol. 59, April. Pp. 341–345.
Fred E. B. Antony van Leeuwenhoek: On the three-hundredth anniversary of his birth // Journal of Bacteriology, 1933. Vol. 25. No. 1. Pp. 1–18.
Godwin W. Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft. London: Constable and Co., 1928 // http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/godwin/memoirs/toc.html.
Goldmann D. System failure versus personal accountability — The case for clean hands // The New England Journal of Medicine, 2006. Vol. 355. No. 2, July. Pp. 121–123.
Gordon J. I., Ley R. E., Wilson R. et al. Extending our view of self: The human gut microbiome initiative (HGMI) // http://genome.gov/Pages/Research/Sequencing/SeqProposals/HGMISeq.pdf.
Kaufmann S. H. E. Robert Koch, the Nobel Prize, and the ongoing threat of tuberculosis // The New England Journal of Medicine, 2005. Vol. 353. No. 23, December. Pp. 2423–2426.
Kaufmann S. H. E., Schaible U. E. 100th anniversary of Robert Koch’s Nobel Prize for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus // Trends in Microbiology, 2005. Vol. 13. No. 10, October. Pp. 469–475.
Klevens R. M., Edwards J. R., Richards C. S., Jr. et al. Estimating health care associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002 // Public Health Reports, 2007. Vol. 122, March — April. Pp. 160–166.
Krasner R. I. Pasteur: High priest of microbiology // ASM News, 1995. Vol. 61. No. 11. Pp. 575–578.
Louden I. The Tragedy of Childbed Fever. Oxford University Press // https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-tragedy-of-childbed-fever-9780198204992?cc=ru&lang=en&.
National Institutes of Health. NIH Launches Human Microbiome Project. December 19, 2007 // http://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launches-human-microbiome-project.
Nobelprize.org. Robert Koch: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1905 // http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html.
Nuland S. B. The enigma of Semmelweis — an interpretation // Journal of the History of Medicine, 1979. July. Pp. 255–272.
Pasteur L. On Spontaneous Generation. Address delivered at the Sorbonne Scientific Soiree, April 7, 1864 // Revue des cours scientifics, 1864. Vol. 1. April 23. Pp. 257–264.
Porter J. R. Louis Pasteur: Achievements and disappointments, 1861 // Pasteur Award Lecture, 1961. Vol. 25. Pp. 389–403.
Porter J. R. Antony van Leeuwenhoek: Tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria // Bacteriological Reviews, 1976. Vol. 40. No. 2, June. Pp. 260–269.
Semmelweis I. The Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever. Trans. K. Codell Carter. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
Tomes N. J. American attitudes toward the germ theory of disease: Phyllis Allen Richmond revisited // Journal of the History of Medicine, 1997. Vol. 52, January. Pp. 17–50.
Ullmann A. Pasteur-Koch: Distinctive ways of thinking about infectious diseases // Microbe, 2007. Vol. 2. No. 8. Pp. 383–387.
Глава 4Adams A. K. The delayed arrival: From Davy (1800) to Morton (1846) // Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1996. Vol. 89. February. Pp. 96–100.
Bigelow H. J. Insensibility during surgical operations produced by inhalation // Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1846. Vol. 35. Pp. 309–317.
Burney F. Eyewitness: Major Surgery Without an Anaesthetic, 1811 // Letters and journals of Fanny Burney // www.mytimemachine.co.uk/operation.htm.
Caton D. What a Blessing She Had Chloroform: The Medical and Social Response to the Pain of Childbirth From 1800 to the Present. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
Clark R. B. Fanny Longfellow and Nathan Keep // American Society of Anesthesiologists Newsletter, 1997. Vol. 61. No. 9, September. Pp. 1–3.
Collins V. J. Principles of Anesthesiology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993.
Davy H. Researches, Chemical and Philosophical; Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air, and Its Respiration. Bristol: Biggs and Cottle, 1800. См. также http://www.critical.ru/calendar/1712Davy.htm.
Desai S. P., Desai M. S., Pandav C. S. The discovery of modern anaesthesia — Contributions of Davy, Clarke, Long, Wells, and Morton // Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2007. Vol. 51. No. 6. Pp. 472–476.
Greene N. M. A consideration of factors in the discovery of anesthesia and their effects on its development // Anesthesiology, 1971. Vol. 35. No. 5, November. Pp. 515–522.
Jacob M. C., Sauter M. J. Why did Humphry Davy and associates not pursue the pain-alleviating effects of nitrous oxide? // Journal of the History of Medicine, 2002. Vol. 57, April. Pp. 161–176.
Larson M. D. History of Anesthetic Practice // R. D. Miller, ed. Miller’s Anesthesia, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005.
Клиническая анестезиология / Дж. Э. Морган-мл., Мэгид С., Михаил. М.: БИНОМ, 2006.
Orser B. A. Lifting the fog around anesthesia // Scientific American, 2007. June. Pp. 54–61.
Rudolph U., Antkowiak B. Molecular and neuronal substrates for general anaesthetics // Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 2004. Vol. 5, September. Pp. 709–720.
Smith W. D. A. A history of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia, Part I: Joseph Priestley to Humphry Davy // British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1965. Vol. 37. Pp. 790–798.
Snow J. On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether in Surgical Operations: Containing a Description of the Various States of Etherization. London: John Churchill, 1847.
Terrell R. C. The invention and development of enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane // Anesthesiology, 2008. Vol. 108. Pp. 531–533.
Thatcher V. S. History of Anesthesia, With Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc, 1984.
Thoreau H. D. This Date, from Henry David Thoreau’s Journal: 1851 // http://hdt.typepad.com/henrys_blog/1851/index.html.
Thornton J. L. John Snow, Pioneer Specialist-Anaesthetist. John Snow website. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles // www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/anaesthesia5(5)_129_135_1950.pdf.
Катцунг Б. г. Базисная и клиническая фармакология: в 2-х т. М.: Бином, Диалект, 2007.
