Николас Карр - Стеклянная клетка. Автоматизация и мы
18. Интервью Раджа Парасурамана автору от 18 декабря 2011 года.
19. Jan Noyes. Automation and Decision Making. В книге: Malcolm James Cook. Decision Making in Complex Environments. Aldershot, U.K. Ashgate, 2007. Р. 73.
20. Earl L. Wiener. Human Factors of Advanced Technology (“Glass Cockpit”) Transport Aircraft // Moffett Field, Calif.: NASA Ames Research Center, 1989. June.
21. См., например: Earl L. Wiener and Renwick E. Curry. Flight Deck Automation: Promises and Problems // NASA Ames Research Center, 1980. June; Earl L. Wiener. Beyond the Sterile Cockpit // Human Factors 27, 1985. № 1. Р. 75–90; Donald Eldredge et al., Review and Discussion of Flight Management System Incidents Reported to the Aviation Safety Reporting System. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration, 1992. February; Matt Ebbatson. Practice Makes Imperfect: Common Factors in Recent Manual Approach Incidents // Human Factors and Aerospace Safety 6, 2006. № 3. Р. 275–278.
22. Andy Pasztor. Pilot Reliance on Automation Erodes Skills // Wall Street Journal, 2010. November 5.
23. Operational Use of Flight Path Management Systems: Final Report of the Performance-Based Operations Aviation Rulemaking Committee/Commercial Aviation Safety Team Flight Deck Automation Working Group. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration, 2013. September 5. UPL: http://www. faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/afs/afs400/parc/parc_
reco/media/2013/130908_PARC_FltDAWG_Final_Report_
Recommendations.pdf.
24. Matthew Ebbatson. The Loss of Manual Flying Skills in Pilots of Highly Automated Airliners // PhD thesis. Cranfield University School of Engineering, 2009. См. также: M. Ebbatson et al., The Relationship between Manual Handling Performance and Recent Flying Experience in Air Transport Pilots.// Ergonomics 53, 2010. № 2. Р. 268–277.
25. Цитируется по книге: David A. Mindell. Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. Р. 77.
26. S. Bennett A. History of Control Engineering, 1800–1930. Stevenage, U.K.: Peter Peregrinus, 1979. Р. 141.
27. Tom Wolfe. The Right Stuff. N. Y.: Picador, 1979. Р. 152–154.
28. Ebbatson. Loss of Manual Flying Skills.
29. Response Charts for ‘EASA CockpitAutomation Survey // European Aviation Safety Agency. 2012. August 3. UPL: http://www. easa.europa.eu/safety-andresearch/docs/EASA%2 °Cockpit%20Automation%20Survey%202012 %20-%20Results.pdf.
30. Joan Lowy. Automation in the Air Dulls Pilot Skill // Seattle Times, 2011. August 30.
31. Хороший обзор истории изменения численности летных экипажей см.: Delmar M. Fadden et al., First Hand: Evolution of the 2-Person Crew Jet Transport Flight Deck // IEEE Global History Network, 2008. August 25. UPL: http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/First-Hand: Evolution_of_the_2-Person_Crew_Jet_Transport_Flight_Deck.
32. Цитируется по книге: Philip E. Ross. When Will We Have Unmanned Commercial Airliners? // IEEE Spectrum, 2011. December.
33. Scott McCartney. Pilot Pay: Want to Know How Much Your Captain Earns? // Wall Street Journal, 2009. June 16. UPL: http://www. blogs.wsj.com/middleseat/2009/06/16/pilot-pay-want-to-knowhow-much-your-captain-earns/.
34. Dawn Duggan. The 8 Most Overpaid & Underpaid Jobs. UPL: http://www.Salary.com, undated, salary.com/the%2D8 %2Dmost%2Doverpaid%2Dunderpaid%2Djobs/slide/9/.
35. David A. Mindell. Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2011. Р. 20.
36. Wilbur Wright. Letter, 1900/ May 13. В книге: Visions of Technology: A Century of Vital Debate about Machines, Systems, and the Human World / Ed. Richard Rhodes. N.Y.: Touchstone, 1999. Р. 33.
37. Mindell. Digital Apollo. P. 20.
38. Там же. P. 21.
39. Wilbur Wright. Some Aeronautical Experiments // Speech before the Western Society of Engineers. 1901, September 18. UPL: http://www.wright-house.com/wright-brothers/Aeronautical.html.
40. Mindell. Digital Apollo. Р. 21.
41. J. O. Roberts. The Case against Automation in Manned Fighter Aircraft // SETP Quarterly Review 2. 1957. № 3. Р. 18–23.
42. Цитируется по: Mindell. Between Human and Machine. Р. 77.
43. Harris. Human Performance on the Flight Deck. Р. 221.
Глава четвертая. Эффект вырождения1. Alfred North Whitehead. An Introduction to Mathematics. N. Y.: Henry Holt, 1911. Р. 61.
2. Цитируется по: Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane. The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. Р. 4.
3. Raja Parasuraman et al. Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation // IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics – Part A: Systems and Humans 30, 2000. № 3 Р. 286–297. См. также: Nadine Sarter et al. Automation Surprises / Ed. Gavriel Salvendy // Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics., 2nd ed. N.Y.: Wiley, 1997.
4. Dennis F. Galletta et al. Does Spell-Checking Software Need a Warning Label? // Communications of the ACM 48. 2005. № 7. Р. 82–86.
5. National Transportation Safety Board // Marine Accident Report: Grounding of the Panamanian Passenger Ship Royal Majesty on Rose and Crown Shoal near Nantucket. Massachusetts, 1995. June 10.Washington, D.C.: NTSB, 1997. April 2.
6. Sherry Turkle. Simulation and Its Discontents. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2009. Р. 55–56.
7. Jennifer Langston. GPS Routed Bus under Bridge, Company Says // Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 2008. April 17.
8. A. A. Povyakalo et al. How to Discriminate between Computer-Aided and Computer-Hindered Decisions: A Case Study in Mammography // Medical Decision Making 33. 2013. № 1. January. Р. 98–107.
9. E. Alberdi et al. Why Are People’s Decisions Sometimes Worse with Computer Support? // Proceedings of SAFECOMP 2009, the 28th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security / Eds. Bettina Buth et al. Hamburg, Germany: Springer, 2009. Р. 18–31.
10. См.: Raja Parasuraman et al. Performance Consequences of Automation-Induced Complacency // International Journal of Aviation Psychology 3, 1993, № 1. Р. 1–23.
11. Raja Parasuraman and Dietrich H. Manzey. Complacency and Bias in Human Use of Automation: An Attentional Integration // Human Factors 52, 2010. June. № 3. Р. 381–410.
12. Norman J. Slamecka and Peter Graf. The Generation Effect: Delineation of a Phenomenon // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4, 1978. № 6. Р. 592–604.
13. Jeffrey D. Karpicke and Janell R. Blunt. Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping // Science 331, 2011. Р. 772–775.
14. Britte Haugan Cheng. Generation in the Knowledge Integration Classroom // PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2008.
15. Simon Farrell and Stephan Lewandowsky. A Connectionist Model of Complacency and Adaptive Recovery under Automation // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, 2000. № 2. Р. 395–410.
16. Я уже обсуждал работу ван Нимвегена в моей книге: The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. N. Y.: W. W. Norton, 2010, Р. 214–216.
17. Christof van Nimwegen. The Paradox of the Guided User: Assistance Can Be Counter-effective // SIKS Dissertation Series No. 2008–09. Utrecht University, 2008. March 31. См. Также: Christof van Nimwegen and Herre van Oostendorp. The Questionable Impact of an Assisting Interface on Performance in Transfer Situations // International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 39. 2009. May. № 3. Р. 501–508; Daniel Burgos and Christof van Nimwegen. Games-Based Learning, Destination Feedback and Adaptation: A Case Study of an Educational Planning Simulation. В книге: Games-Based Learning Advancements for Multi-Sensory Human Computer Interfaces: Techniques and Effective Practices / Eds. Thomas Connolly et al. Hershey, Penn.: IGI Global, 2009. Р. 119–130.
18. Carlin Dowling et al. Audit Support System Design and the Declarative Knowledge of Long-Term Users // Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 5, 2008. № 1. December. Р. 99–108.
19. См.: Richard G. Brody et al. The Effect of a Computerized Decision Aid on the Development of Knowledge // Journal of Business and Psychology 18, 2003. № 2. Р. 157–174; Holli McCall et al. Use of Knowledge Management Systems and the Impact on the Acquisition of Explicit Knowledge // Journal of Information Systems 22, 2008. № 2. Р. 77–101.
20. Amar Bhidе. The Judgment Deficit // Harvard Business Review 88, 2010. September. № 9. Р. 44–53.
21. Gordon Baxter and John Cartlidge. Flying by the Seat of Their Pants: What Can High Frequency Trading Learn from Aviation? В книге: ATACCS-2013: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Application and Theory of Automation in Command and Control Systems / Eds. G. Brat et al. N. Y.: ACM, 2013. Р. 64–73.
22. Vivek Haldar. Sharp Tools, Dull Minds. (This Is the Blog of Vivek Haldar). 2013. November 10. UPL: http://www. blog.vivekhaldar.com/post/66660163006/ sharp-tools-dull-minds.
23. Tim Adams. Google and the Future of Search: Amit Singhal and the Knowledge Graph // Observer, 2013. January 19.
24. Betsy Sparrow et al. Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips // Science 333. 2011. № 6043. August 5. Р. 776–778. В другом исследовании было показано, что одно только знание о том, что некое событие запечатлено на камеру, ослабляет память, с ним связанную. Linda A. Henkel. Pointand– Shoot Memories: The Influence of Taking Photos on Memory for a Museum Tour // Psychological Science, 2013. December 5. UPL: http://www. pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/12/04/0956797613504438.full.
25. Mihai Nadin. Information and Semiotic Processes: The Semiotics of Computation // Cybernetics and Human Knowing 18, 2011. № 1–2. Р. 153–175.
26. Gary Marcus. Guitar Zero: The New Musician and the Science of Learning. N. Y.: Penguin, 2012. Р. 52.
27. Подробное описание механизма обучения мозга чтению см.: Maryanne Wolf. Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. N. Y.: HarperCollins, 2007. Р. 108–133.
28. Hubert L. Dreyfus. Intelligence without Representation – Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of Mental Representation // Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 1. 2002. Р. 367–383.
29. Marcus. Guitar Zero. Р. 103.
30. David Z. Hambrick and Elizabeth J. Meinz. Limits on the Predictive Power of Domain-Specific Experience and Knowledge in Skilled Performance // Current Directions in Psychological Science 20, 2011. № 5. Р. 275–279.
31. K. Anders Ericsson et al. The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance // Psychological Review 100, 1993. № 3. Р. 363–406.
32. Nigel Warburton. Robert Talisse on Pragmatism // Five Books, 2013. September 18. UPL: http://www. fivebooks.com/interviews/robert-talisse-on-pragmatism.
33. Jeanne Nakamura and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. The Concept of Flow. В книге: Handbook of Positive Psychology / Eds. C. R. Snyder and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2002. Р. 90–91.
Интерлюдия. Танцующие мыши1. Robert M. Yerkes. The Dancing Mouse: A Study in Animal Behavior. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1907. vii – viii. Р. 2–3.
2. Там же. vii.
3. Robert M. Yerkes and John D. Dodson. The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation // Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 18. 1908. Р. 459–482.
4. Там же.
5. Mark S. Young and Neville A. Stanton. Attention and Automation: New Perspectives on Mental Overload and Performance // Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 3, 2002. № 2. Р. 178–194.
6. Mark W. Scerbo. Adaptive Automation. В книге: Neuroergonomics: The Brain at Work / Eds. Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo. N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 2007. Р. 239–252.
Глава пятая. Офисный компьютер1. RAND Study Says Computerizing Medical Records Could Save $81 Billion Annually and Improve the Quality of Medical Care // RAND Corporation press release. 2005. September 14.
2. Richard Hillestad et al. Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs // Health Affairs 24, 2005. № 5. Р. 1103–1117.
3. Reed Abelson and Julie Creswell. In Second Look, Few Savings from Digital Health Records // New York Times, 2013. January 10.
4. Jeanne Lambrew. More than Half of Doctors Now Use Electronic Health Records Thanks to Administration Policies // The White House Blog, 2013 May 24. UPL: http://www. whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/05/24/more-half-doc tors-use-electronic-health-records-thanks-administration-policies.
5. Arthur L. Kellermann and Spencer S. Jones. What It Will Take to Achieve the As-Yet-Unfulfilled Promises of Health Information Technology // Health Affairs 32, 2013. № 1. Р. 63–68.
6. Ashly D. Black et al. The Impact of eHealth on the Quality and Safety of Health Care: A Systematic Overview // PLOS Medicine 8, 2011. № 1. UPL: http://www. plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371 %2Fjournal.pmed.1000387.
