Лестер Браун - Как избежать климатических катастроф? План Б 4.0: спасение цивилизации
46 Sunita Narain, “The Flush Toilet is Ecologically Mindless”, Down to Earth, 28 February 2002, pp. 28–32; мертвые зоны из Robert J. Diaz and Rutger Rosenberg, “Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems”, Science, vol. 321 (15 August 2008), pp. 926–29; World Health Organization (WHO), World Health Report 2007 (Geneva: 2007), p. 4; U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2005 (Rome: 2005).
47 Narain, op. cit. note 46.
48 Там же.
49 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Water Efficiency Technology Factsheet – Composting Toilets” (Washington, DC: September 1999); Jack Kieffer, Appalachia – Science in the Public Interest, Humanure: Preparation of Compost from the Toilet for Use in the Garden (Mount Vernon, KY: ASPI Publications, 1998).
50 EPA, op. cit. note 49; EPA, “Wastewater Virtual Tradeshow Technologies” – см.: www.epa.gov/region1/assistance/ceitts/wastewater/techs. html, последнее обновление 14 апреля 2009 года; число людей, живущих в условиях отсутствия санитарии, по информации WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation (Geneva and New York: 2008), p. 2.
51 Rose George, “Yellow is the New Green”, (editorial), New York Times, 27 February 2009.
52 Tony Sitathan, “Bridge Over Troubled Waters”, Asia Times, 23 August 2002; “Singapore Opens Fourth Recycling Plant to Turn Sewage into Water”, Associated Press, 12 July 2005; Randal C. Archibold, “From Sewage, Added Water for Drinking”, New York Times, 27 November 2007; Randal C. Archibold, “Los Angeles Eyes Sewage as a Source of Water”, New York Times, 16 May 2008.
53 Peter H. Gleick, The World’s Water 2004–2005: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004), p. 149.
54 Там же.
55 “Farming in Urban Areas Can Boost Food Security”, FAO Newsroom, 3 June 2005.
56 Там же.
57 Jac Smit, “Urban Agriculture’s Contribution to Sustainable Urbanisation”, Urban Agriculture, August 2002, p. 13; Hubert de Bon, “Dry and Aquatic Peri-urban and Urban Horticulture in Hanoi, Vietnam”, in Reneˆ van Veenhuizen, ed., Cities Farming for the Future – Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities (Philippines: ETC-Urban Agriculture, 2006), pp. 338–339.
58 Smit, op. cit. note 57, p. 13; pond coverage from Nitai Kundu et al., “Planning for Aquatic Production in East Kolkata Wetlands”, in van Veenhuizen, op. cit. note 57, pp. 408–409; вылов рыбы по информации Stuart Bunting et al., “Urban Aquatic Production”, in van Veenhuizen, op. cit. note 57, p. 386.
59 Smit, op. cit. note 57, p. 12.
60 “Gardening for the Poor”, FAO Newsroom, 2004; P. Bradley and C. Marulanda, “A Study on Microgardens That Help Reduce Global Poverty and Hunger”, Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), vol. 742 (2007), pp. 115–123.
61 Katherine H. Brown and Anne Carter, Urban Agriculture and Community Food Security in the United States: Farming from the City Center to the Urban Fringe (Venice, CA: Community Food Security Coalition, October 2003), p. 10.
62 Там же, р.7.
63 Там же.
64 U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 3; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2, p. 1.
65 Hari Srinivas, “Defining Squatter Settlements”, Global Development Research Center Web site – см.: www.gdrc.org/uem/define-squatter. html, просмотрено автором 9 августа 2005 г.
66 Там же.
67 O’Meara, op. cit. note 3, p. 39.
68 Rasna Warah, The Challenge, of Slums: Global Repor t on Human Settlements 2003 (New York: U.N. Human Settlements Programme, 2003).
69 Srinivas, op. cit. note 65.
70 E. O. Wilson, Biophilia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); S. R. Kellert and E. O. Wilson, eds., The Biophilia Hypothesis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993).
71 Theodore Roszak, Mary Gomes, and Allen Kanner, eds., Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995).
72 American Public Transportation Association (APTA), “Unlinked Passenger Trips by Mode (Millions)”, in 2009 Public Transportation Fact Book, Part 2: Historical Tables (Washington, DC: April 2009), pp. 1–2; APTA, Public Transportation Ridership Report: Fourth Quarter 2008 (Washington, DC: 5 March 2009).
73 Ding Guangwei and Li Shishun, “Analysis of Impetuses to Change of Agricultural Land Resources in China”, Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1 (1999).
74 Ayres, McHenry & Associates, “Survey of Metro Atlanta Registered Voters Regarding Transportation Issues”, проведено от имени Transit Planning Board (Alexandria, VA: March 2008); Molly O’Meara Sheehan, City Limits: Putting the Breaks on Sprawl, Worldwatch Paper 156 (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, June 2001), p. 11; David Schrank and Tim Lomax, 2005 Urban Mobility Study (College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute, May 2005); Luc Nadal, “Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris Off Its Feet”, Sustainable Transport, fall 2007, pp. 8–13.
75 Jim Motavalli, “The High Cost of Free Parking”, E: The Environmental Magazine, March–April 2005; Donald Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking (Chicago: American Planning Association Planners Press, 2005), p. 591; Daniel B. Klein, “Free Parking Versus Free Markets”, The Independent Review, vol. XI, no. 2 (fall 2006), pp. 289–297.
76 O’Meara, op. cit. note 3, p. 49; Donald C. Shoup, “Congress Okays Cash Out”, Access, fall 1998, pp. 2–8.
77 Libby Nelson, “Broadway’s Car-free Zones: This Space for Rent”, New York Times, 9 July 2009; “Paris to Cut City Centre Traffic”, BBC News, 15 March 2005; J. H. Crawford, “Carfree Places”, на веб-сайте www.carfree.com, просмотрено автором 17 августа 2007 г.; см. также J. H. Crawford, Carfree Cities (Utrecht, Netherlands: International Books, July 2000).
78 Yuri Kageyama, “Cars No Longer Coveted by Young”, Japan Times, 4 January 2009; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc., Motor Vehicle Statistics of Japan 2008 (Tokyo: 2008), p. 8; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc., “Forecast for Vehicle Demand 2009” – см.: www.jama-english.jp/statistics/forecast/2009/081218.html, 18 December 2008; European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association, “Passenger Cars: European Market at –4.9% in May”, press release (Brussels: 16 June 2009); Bill Heenan, Steel Recycling Institute, дискуссия с Дж. Мэттью Роуни, Earth Policy Institute, 20 июля 2009 г.
79 Kageyama, op. cit. note 78.
80 City of New York, PlaNYC Progress Report 2009 (New York: Mayor’s Office of Long-Term Planning & Sustainability, 2009), pp. 3–4, 30, 35, 38; City of New York, Mayor’s Office of Operations, “PlaNYC/Sustainability Reports” – см.: www.nyc.gov/html/ops/planyc/html/home/home. shtml, просмотрено автором 16 июня 2009 г.
81 Kitson & Partners, “Babcock Ranch Florida – Embracing Nature” – см.: www.babcockranchflorida.com/nature.asp, просмотрено 16 июня 2009 г.; Michael Grunwald, “A Solar-Powered Solution to Florida Sprawl”, Time, 9 April 2009, Sydney Kitson discussion wiht autor, 14 May 2009.
82 Glover Park Group, “First Solar-Powered City to Fuel Clean Industry, Economic Recovery”, press release (Washington, DC: 9 April 2009); Kitson & Partners, op. cit. note 81.
83 Kevin Bullis, “A Zero-Emissions City in the Desert”, Technology Review (March/April 2009), pp. 56–63.
84 Там же.
85 Adam Federman, “Roadkill: How NYC’s Congestion Pricing Plan Crashed”, Earth Island Journa l, summer 2008, pp. 25–30; Robin Pogrebin, “Visions of Manhattan: For the City, 100-Year Makeovers”, New York Times , 4 November 2006.
86 Federman, op. cit. note 85; Partenship for New York City, Growth or Gridlock? The Economic Case for Traffic Relief and Transit Improvement for a Grater New York (New York: December 2006), pp. 2–4.
К ГЛАВЕ 7
1 UN. General Assembly, “United Nations Millennium Declaration”, резолюция, принятая Генеральной Ассамблеей 8 сентября 2000 г.; World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2007: Millennium Development Goals (Washington, DC: 2007), p. 39; World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2009: A Development Emergency (Washington, DC: 2009), p. 17.
2 World Bank, “Millennium Development Goals – Country Tables”, – см.: www.developmentgoals.org, последнее обновление в апреле 2009 года; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The2008 Revision Population Database, – см.: esa.un.org/unpp, последнее обновление 11 марта 2009 года.
3 World Bank, op. cit. note 2; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2; Jeffrey D. Sachs, “India Takes the Lead”, Korea Herald , 4 August 2004; International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook , электронная база данных – см.: www.imf.org, последнее обновление в апреле 2009 г.
4 UNESCO, Overcoming Inequality: Why Governance Matters, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2009 (Paris: 2008), p. 195; Sara Miller Liana, “Brazil Becomes Antipoverty Showcase”, Christian Science Monitor, 13 November 2008; World Bank, op. cit. note 2; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2.
5 U.N. Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators , электронная база данных – см.: mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx, последнее обновление 14 июля 2009 г; World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2008: MDGs and the Environment (Washington, DC: 2008), p. 2.
6 World Bank, Global Economic Prospects: Commodities at a Crossroads 2009 (Washington, DC: 2009), pp. 11–12; World Bank, Poverty Data: A Supplement to World Development Indicators 2008 (Washington, DC: 2008), p. 1.
7 U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2; G-8 leaders, “Gleneagles Communiqueˆ on Africa, Climate Change, Energy and Sustainable Development”, document from G-8 Summit, Gleneagles, Scotland, July 2005; нестабильные государства по информации World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2007, op. cit. note 1, p. 4.
8 U.N. General Assembly, op. cit. note 1.
9 World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2009, op. cit. note 1, p. 14; U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, “1.02 Billion People Hungry”, press release (Rome: 19 June 2009); U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Production, Supply and Distribution, электронная база данных – см.:
;www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline, последнее обновление 12 мая 2009 года; USDA, Feedgrains Database, электронная база данных на www.ers. usda.gov/Data/feedgrains, последнее обновление 19 мая 2009 года; U.N. Population Division, op. cit. note 2.
10 UNESCO, op. cit. note 4, p. 65.
11 Martha Campbell et al., “Return of the Population Growth Factor”, Science, vol. 315 (16 March 2007), pp. 1501–1502; Martha Campbell, дискуссия с Джанет Ларсен, Earth Policy Institute, 8 октября 2007 г.; All Party Parliamentary Group on Population Development and Reproductive Health, Return of the Population Growth Factor: Its Impact on the Millennium Development Goals (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, January 2007), pp. 1–9.
12 World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2009 , op. cit. note 1, p. 19; Hilaire A. Mputu, Literacy and Non-Formal Education in the E-9 Countries (Paris: UNESCO, 2001), p. 5; Polly Curtis, “Lack of Education ‘a Greater Threat than Terrorism’: Sen”, Guardian (London), 28 October 2003.
13 Paul Blustein, “Global Education Plan Gains Backing”, Washington Post, 22 April 2002; World Bank, “World Bank Announces First Group of Countries for ‘Education For All’ Fast Track”, press release (Washington, DC: 12 June 2002); Gene Sperling, “The G-8 – Send 104 Million Friends to School”, Bloomberg News, 20 June 2005.
14 United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2008 (New York: 2008), p. 14; World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2009, op. cit. note 1, Annex.
15 Gene Sperling, “Toward Universal Education”, Foreign Affairs, September/ October 2001, pp. 7–13.
16 Gene Sperling, “Educate Them All”, Washington Post, 20 April 2002.
17 U.K. Treasury, From Commitment to Action: Education (London: Department for International Development, September 2005).
18 UNESCO, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007: Strong Foundations (Paris: 2006), p. 2; U.N. Commission on Population and Development, Thirty-sixth Session, Population, Education, and Development, press releases, 31 March – 4 April 2003; UNESCO, “Winners of UNESCO Literacy Prizes 2003”, press release, 27 May 2003.
19 George McGovern, The Third Freedom: Ending Hunger in Our Time (New York: Simon & Schuster: 2001), chapter 1.
20 Jefferey Sachs, “A New Map of the World”, The Economist , 22 June 2000; George McGovern, “Yes We CAN Feed the World's Hungry”, Parade , 16 December 2001.
21 McGovern, op. cit. note 20.
22 Там же.
23 Там же.
24 World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2009, op. cit. note 1, Annex; UNICEF, “Under-five Mortality Rate”, – см.: www.childinfo.org/ mortalityunderfive.php, последнее обновление в январе 2009 года.
25 World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2009, op. cit. note 1, p. 72.
26 Mustaque Chowdhury, Health Workforce for ÒÂ Control by DOTS: The BRAC Case, Joint Learning Initiative Working Paper 5–2 (Global Health Trust, 2004).
